The Righteous Mind

Question 1

Morality

What is the first rule that Jonathan Haidt proposes as to how we should think about the origins/effects of morality?

Answer 1

I. Intuitions come first, strategic reasoning second

II. There’s more to morality than harm and fairness

III. Morality binds and blinds

Question 2

Morality

What is the second rule that Jonathan Haidt proposes as to how we should think about the origins/effects of morality?

Answer 2

I. Intuitions come first, strategic reasoning second

II. There’s more to morality than harm and fairness

III. Morality binds and blinds

Question 3

Morality

What is the third rule that Jonathan Haidt proposes as to how we should think about the origins/effects of morality?

Answer 3

I. Intuitions come first, strategic reasoning second

II. There’s more to morality than harm and fairness

III. Morality binds and blinds

Question 4

Morality

The analogy Jonathan Haidt uses to describe how our minds operate is that our conscious selves are a relatively weak __________ sitting atop a large __________ (the unconscious processes of our minds).

Answer 4

The analogy Jonathan Haidt uses to describe how our minds operate is that our conscious selves are a relatively weak rider sitting atop a large elephant (the unconscious processes of our minds).

Question 5

Morality

True/False.

According to Jonathan Haidt, moral reasoning is almost always predetermined in a logical way.

Answer 5

False.

According to Jonathan Haidt, moral reasoning is often a post hoc fabrication.

(to justify one’s intuitions, emotional or otherwise)

Question 6

Morality

According to Jonathan Haidt, children develop their moral compasses through a combination of both (1) self-construction through their understanding of ______ and also (2) ______ input and guidance.

Answer 6

According to Jonathan Haidt, children develop their moral compasses through a combination of both (1) self-construction through their understanding of harm and also (2) cultural input and guidance.

Question 7

Morality

Of the following, who would Jonathan Haidt say is the most correct?

Plato - reason is the master and should rule over moral intuitions (e.g. moral emotions).

Jefferson - reason and these intuitive processes should co-govern as equal partners.

Hume - reason is the servant of the passions (the intuitive processes).

Answer 7

Hume - reason is the servant of the passions (the intuitive processes).

I.e. our emotional and intuitive processes (the elephant) drive our conscious selves (the riders).

Question 8

Morality

According to Jonathan Haidt, what is the best way to change others’ minds on charged topics?

Answer 8

Speak to their intuitions (the elephant) first

(Don’t just begin with your stance and then try to convince them with supporting evidences; walk them through your intuitions first in order to guide them towards your conclusion.)

Question 9

Morality

Describe Jonathan Haidt’s model of how we, as social beings, come to our moral conclusions.

Answer 9

Question 10

Morality

Who shows more of the beginnings of an understanding of morality, a psychopath (who can reason but not feel) or a baby (who can feel but not reason)?

Answer 10

A baby

(thus, emotive intutions often play into our moral understanding than logical reasoning does)

Question 11

Morality

True/False.

According to Jonathan Haidt, the way we often arrive at our moral reasonings is by developing post hoc explanations for our gut intuitions (initial reactions / emotional judgments), NOT by logically assessing the facts and reaching a conclusion.

Answer 11

True.

Question 12

Morality

Are most of our personal political intuitions groupish (deployed to support our team) or selfish (deployed to support our own reasonings)?

Answer 12

Groupish

(we try to support our teams and demonstrate commitment to the team’s values/goals)

Question 13

Morality

Does the evidence show that moral philosophers tend to behave any more ethically than their counterparts who are not moral philosophers?

Answer 13

No.

(The rider being more aware doesn’t necessarily make them more able to tame the elephant.)

Question 14

Morality

True/False.

According to Jonathan Haidt, our moral reasoning is most often used simply to justify the intuitions we have already reached.

(I.e. our rider choosing to go along with what the elephant is already doing.)

Answer 14

True.

Question 15

Morality

According to Jonathan Haidt, why is it important to have a diverse array of intellectual opinions and ideological perspectives in any truth-seeking group (such as a governing board or a group of scientists)?

Answer 15

Our minds are hardwired to find reasonings to support the conclusions we’ve already reached (the rider going along with the elephant). Having diverse opinions present allows us to challenge one another and thus think outside the box in arriving at whatever the truth is (your elephant influences mine in a way my rider can’t).

Question 16

Morality

What are Shweder’s three ethics of morality?

(ACD)

Answer 16

1. Autonomy
2. Community
3. Divinity

Question 17

Morality

WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) cultures primarily build their morality around Shweder’s ethic of __________.

Answer 17

WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) cultures primarily build their morality around Shweder’s ethic of autonomy.

Question 18

Morality

Non-Western cultures typically build their societal morals around which of Shweder’s ethics in addition to (or in place of) autonomy?

Answer 18

Community;

divinity

Question 19

Morality

Which of Shweder’s moral ethics could be defined as a person’s right to act/think/move through the world as they wish?

Answer 19

Autonomy

Question 20

Morality

Which of Shweder’s moral ethics could be defined as a person’s membership of societal groups (families/teams/companies/tribes/nations/etc.) and their associated duty to play their assigned roles within those entities?

Answer 20

Community

Question 21

Morality

Which of Shweder’s moral ethics could be defined as the human’s natural state as an immortal, divine soul within a temporary body (the body being a temple to be honored and kept clean/undefiled) that should be used in ‘good,’ ‘godly’ ways (discouraging crassness, empty consumerism, or trivialized sexuality)?

Answer 21

Divinity

Question 22

Morality

What is moral pluralism?

Answer 22

The fact that the moral domain varies across cultures

Question 23

Morality

The moral domain is typically _________ (more narrow/wider) in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) countries and _________ (more narrow/wider) in other societies (including conservative / religious factions of WEIRD countries).

Answer 23

The moral domain is typically more narrow in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) countries and wider in other societies (including conservative / religious factions of WEIRD countries).

Question 24

Morality

The moral domain in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) countries primarily forms around what principle(s)?

The moral domain in non-WEIRD societies (including conservative / religious factions of WEIRD countries) primarily forms around what principle(s)?

Answer 24

(1) Autonomy
(2) Autonomy, community, and divinity

Question 25

# Morality According to Jonathan Haidt, is it possible that there might be more than one valid moral framework for judging others or running a society?

Answer 25

Yes.

Question 26

# Morality Jonathan Haidt (mimicking Hume) compares our sense of morality to what other sensory system of the body?

Answer 26

**Five taste buds** | (gustatory)

Question 27

# Morality \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (utilitarianism/deontology) is more likely to focus on welfare as a way of solving issues. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (utilitarianism/deontology) is more likely to use a focus on rights as a way of solving issues.

Answer 27

**_Utilitarianism_** is more likely to focus on welfare as a way of solving issues. **_Deontology_** is more likely to use a focus on rights as a way of solving issues.

Question 28

# Morality Jonathan Haidt's 'moral foundations theory' centers around the following five 'taste buds' of moral value: 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. Loyalty 4. Authority 5. Sanctity

Answer 28

Jonathan Haidt's 'moral foundations theory' centers around the following five 'taste buds' of moral value: ## Footnote 1. **_Care_** 2. **_Fairness_** 3. Loyalty 4. Authority 5. Sanctity

Question 29

# Morality Jonathan Haidt's 'moral foundations theory' centers around the following five 'taste buds' of moral value: ## Footnote 1. Care 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. Authority 5. Sanctity

Answer 29

Jonathan Haidt's 'moral foundations theory' centers around the following five 'taste buds' of moral value: ## Footnote 1. Care 2. **_Fairness_** 3. **_Loyalty_** 4. Authority 5. Sanctity

Question 30

# Morality Jonathan Haidt's 'moral foundations theory' centers around the following five 'taste buds' of moral value: ## Footnote 1. Care 2. Fairness 3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. Sanctity

Answer 30

Jonathan Haidt's 'moral foundations theory' centers around the following five 'taste buds' of moral value: ## Footnote 1. Care 2. Fairness 3. **_Loyalty_** 4. **_Authority_** 5. Sanctity

Question 31

# Morality Jonathan Haidt's 'moral foundations theory' centers around the following five 'taste buds' of moral value: ## Footnote 1. Care 2. Fairness 3. Loyalty 4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 31

Jonathan Haidt's 'moral foundations theory' centers around the following five 'taste buds' of moral value: ## Footnote 1. Care 2. Fairness 3. Loyalty 4. **_Authority_** 5. **_Sanctity_**

Question 32

# Morality Jonathan Haidt's 'moral foundations theory' centers around the following five 'taste buds' of moral value: ## Footnote 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. Fairness 3. Loyalty 4. Authority 5. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 32

Jonathan Haidt's 'moral foundations theory' centers around the following five 'taste buds' of moral value: ## Footnote 1. **_Care_** 2. Fairness 3. Loyalty 4. Authority 5. **_Sanctity_**

Question 33

# Morality Jonathan Haidt's five moral 'taste buds' of moral foundations theory are care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and sanctity. ## Footnote **What sixth 'taste bud' has been added in order to explain libertarianism and also better differentiate the right and left of the political spectrum?**

Answer 33

Liberty/oppression

Question 34

# Morality **True/False**. According to Jonathan Haidt, infant brains are complex structures hardwired for fixed and immutable perspectives on / responses to various moral situations.

Answer 34

**False**. According to Jonathan Haidt, infant brains are complex structures ***pre***wired for ***flexible*** perspectives ***that are subject to change in light of*** various moral situations (***you could say,***'***organized in advance of experience'***).

Question 35

# Morality **True/False**. Each of the moral values (care, fairness, loyalty, authority, sanctity) which we tend to hold in some balance with the others are derived from evolutionary mechanisms that made them valuable as innate, 'prewired' parts of our neural make-up.

Answer 35

True.

Question 36

# Morality The 'care/harm' moral value most likely used to convey an evolutionary advantage in responding to what specific situation?

Answer 36

Protecting/caring for children in response to their suffering/neediness/distress

Question 37

# Morality The 'fairness/cheating' moral value most likely used to convey an evolutionary advantage in responding to what specific situation?

Answer 37

Reaping the benefits of two-way cooperation

Question 38

# Morality The 'loyalty/betrayal' moral value most likely used to convey an evolutionary advantage in responding to what specific situation?

Answer 38

Forming cohesive conditions against an external threat/challenge

Question 39

# Morality The 'authority/subversion' moral value most likely used to convey an evolutionary advantage in responding to what specific situation?

Answer 39

Structuring hierarchies for organization, division of labor, and suppression of in-group conflict (*Someone has to have the final say.*)

Question 40

# Morality The 'sanctity/degradation' moral value most likely used to convey an evolutionary advantage in responding to what specific situation?

Answer 40

Avoiding contaminants (such as waste products or diseased individuals)

Question 41

# Morality The 'care/harm' moral value most likely used to convey an evolutionary advantage in responding to the need to protect and care for one's children in response to their suffering/neediness/distress. ## Footnote **This innate, prewired moral value is sometimes tripped incidentally in response to what sorts of contemporary triggers?**

Answer 41

Cute animals (e.g. baby seals); cute cartoon characters; etc.

Question 42

# Morality The 'fairness/cheating' moral value most likely used to convey an evolutionary advantage in reaping the benefits of two-way cooperation. **This innate, prewired moral value is sometimes tripped incidentally in response to what sorts of contemporary triggers**?

Answer 42

Marital fidelity; broken vending machines; etc.

Question 43

# Morality The 'loyalty/betrayal' moral value most likely used to convey an evolutionary advantage in forming cohesive conditions against an external threat/challenge. ## Footnote **This innate, prewired moral value is sometimes tripped incidentally in response to what sorts of contemporary triggers?**

Answer 43

Sports teams; nationalism; etc.

Question 44

# Morality The 'authority/subversion' moral value most likely used to convey an evolutionary advantage in structuring hierarchies for organization / division of labor. ## Footnote **This innate, prewired moral value is sometimes tripped incidentally in response to what sorts of contemporary triggers?**

Answer 44

Showing deference to bosses, respected professionals, etc.

Question 45

# Morality The 'sanctity/degradation' moral value most likely used to convey an evolutionary advantage in avoiding contaminants (such as waste products or diseased individuals). ## Footnote **This innate, prewired moral value is sometimes tripped incidentally in response to what sorts of contemporary triggers?**

Answer 45

**Taboo cultural ideas** | (e.g. communism, homosexuality, racism)

Question 46

# Morality Which virtues are results of the evolutionary moral value **care/harm** *(a value pointed out by Jonathan Haidt's moral foundations theory)*?

Answer 46

Caring, kindness

Question 47

# Morality Which virtues are results of the evolutionary moral value **fairness/cheating** *(a value pointed out by Jonathan Haidt's moral foundations theory)*?

Answer 47

Fairness, justice, trustworthiness

Question 48

# Morality Which virtues are results of the evolutionary moral value **loyalty/betrayal** *(a value pointed out by Jonathan Haidt's moral foundations theory)*?

Answer 48

Loyalty, patriotism, self-sacrifice

Question 49

# Morality Which virtues are results of the evolutionary moral value **authority/subversion** *(a value pointed out by Jonathan Haidt's moral foundations theory)*?

Answer 49

Obedience, deference

Question 50

# Morality Which virtues are results of the evolutionary moral value **sanctity/degradation** *(a value pointed out by Jonathan Haidt's moral foundations theory)*?

Answer 50

Temperance, chastity, piety, cleanliness

Question 51

# Morality According to Jonathan Haidt, the notion that *hierarchy = power differential = inequality = exploitation = evil* is flawed and incorrect. ## Footnote **Why is this notion of hierarchies being inherently unjust an incorrect one?**

Answer 51

Hierarchical relationships are designed to cultivate group cohesion ***through the asymmetry of positions*** as one seeks both a **superior's protective aid** and also a **subordinate's allegiance**. Maintaining a hierarchical order maintains group cohesion and thus ***_fends off chaotic rearrangements or group failures_***.

Question 52

# Morality What is John Stuart Mill's harm principle which can be used to define the limits of autonomy?

Answer 52

Paraphrase: 'Power should only be exercised on an individual against his will to prevent harm to others.'

Question 53

# Morality What principle of human dietary ability made Jonathan Haidt's principle of sanctity/degradation so necessary in our evolutionary lineage?

Answer 53

**We are omnivores and can eat/explore a variety of foods** (new foods can be toxic or riddled with pathogens and parasites --- disgust is thus a necessary reaction to have to unorthodox activities)

Question 54

# Morality As omnivores, do we love trying new things or do we despise trying new things?

Answer 54

**Both** (neophilia and neophobia)**!** Different individuals have different balances of the two feelings.

Question 55

# Morality According to Jonathan Haidt, what is the opposite of holding something in disgust?

Answer 55

To hold it as sacred

Question 56

# Morality According to Jonathan Haidt: conservatives care about fairness in that they care about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; liberals care about fairness in that they care about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 56

According to Jonathan Haidt: conservatives care about fairness in that they care about **_proportionality_**; liberals care about fairness in that they care about **_equality_**.

Question 57

# Morality According to Jonathan Haidt: conservatives care about liberty in that they care about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; liberals care about liberty in that they care about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 57

According to Jonathan Haidt: conservatives care about liberty in that they care about **_freedom to be left alone_**; liberals care about liberty in that they care about **_freedom of the weak from oppression_**.

Question 58

# Morality According to Jonathan Haidt, our 'righteous minds' are shaped for altruism, but we also care more about *looking* good rather than actually *being* good. ## Footnote **What three evolutionary principles are responsible for this result?**

Answer 58

1. **Kin selection** 2. **Reciprocal altruism** 3. **Reputation management**

Question 59

# Morality How would Jonathan Haidt likely explain why sports fans wear their teams' logos, why people fly the American flag outside their homes, or why religious individuals profess to 'know' things that are obviously false?

Answer 59

These are all Glauconian methods of **maintaining membership within the group**; it's all _reputation management_.

Question 60

# Morality Left-wingers typically operate under which of Jonathan Haidt's six 'taste buds' of moral foundations theory?

Answer 60

Care/harm Fairness/cheating Liberty/oppression

Question 61

# Morality Right-wingers typically operate under which of Jonathan Haidt's six 'taste buds' of moral foundations theory?

Answer 61

Care/harm Fairness/cheating Loyalty/betrayal Authority/subversion Sanctity/degradation Liberty/oppression

Question 62

# Morality The 'liberty/oppression' moral value most likely used to convey an evolutionary advantage in responding to what specific situation?

Answer 62

Banding together to overthrow tyrannical alpha males

Question 63

# Morality The 'liberty/oppression' moral value most likely used to convey an evolutionary advantage in banding together to overthrow tyrannical alpha males. ## Footnote **This innate, prewired moral value is sometimes tripped incidentally in response to what sorts of contemporary triggers?**

Answer 63

Government authoritarianism

Question 64

# Morality Which 'taste bud' of Jonathan Haidt's moral foundations theory has a strong association with evolutionary reciprocal altruism?

Answer 64

Fairness

Question 65

# Morality **True/False**. According to Jonathan Haidt, rural voters are typically voting against their own self-interest when they vote Republican.

Answer 65

**False**. They may be voting against their own economic interests, but they are definitely voting for their own moral interests (think about the difference between liberals and conservatives according to moral foundations theory).

Question 66

# Morality What analogy does Jonathan Haidt use to sell the point that humans are mostly selfish but have a groupish overlay?

Answer 66

'We are 90% chimp and 10% bee.'

Question 67

# Morality What is the main objection to the theory of group selection? (Group selection being that groups compete and are selected for based on fitness much as individual organisms.)

Answer 67

The **free rider** problem (It should confer evolutionary advantage to not be willing to die/sacrifice for a group. Thus, the 'free riders' who benefit from the cohesive group should pass on more of their genes than the more courageous/noble members.)

Question 68

# Morality According to Jonathan Haidt, much of the evolutionary explanation of why humans are groupish and hold social virtues can be simplified down to the following: 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in numbers 2. ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. ________ management

Answer 68

According to Jonathan Haidt, much of the evolutionary explanation of why humans are groupish and hold social virtues can be simplified down to the following: 1. **_Safety_**/**_accomplishment_** in numbers 2. **_Reciprocal_** **_altruism_** 3. **_Reputation_** management

Question 69

# Morality According to Jonathan Haidt, which groupish evolutionary principle might be useful in explaining why the 'free rider problem' isn't necessarily such a threat to the theory of group selection?

Answer 69

Reputation management

Question 70

# Morality According to Jonathan Haidt, how might the groupish evolutionary principle of **reputation** **management** explain why the 'free rider problem' isn't necessarily such a threat to the theory of group selection?

Answer 70

In a group that sacralizes loyalty, honor, and country, the free riders are **the most likely to be beaten/killed** **by their own group**. ## Footnote *(And even if he survives the war/endeavor, he will still have his reputation ruined and his chances of fathering children diminished.)*

Question 71

# Morality How groupish or selfish would Jonathan Haidt say humans are?

Answer 71

Mostly selfish with a groupish overlay

Question 72

# Morality What would Jonathan Haidt say was the major evolutionary moment that was the most important in human ancestors being able to develop moral matrices?

Answer 72

Our ancestors developing **shared intentionality** (allowed for collaboration and cooperative vision)

Question 73

# Morality **True/False** Genes and culture coevolve in extremely rapid ways.

Answer 73

True.

Question 74

# Morality **True/False**. Human evolution slowed down drastically starting 50,000 years ago and basically stopped 12,000 years ago.

Answer 74

**False**. Human evolution ***sped up*** drastically starting 50,000 years ago and ***peaked*** 12,000 years ago.

Question 75

# Morality What does Jonathan Haidt call the fact that humans are inherently selfish but have the ability to transcend self-interest and lose ourselves in a larger group?

Answer 75

The **Hive** switch

Question 76

# Morality Name three ways that Jonathan Haidt says one can artificially flip their 'hive switch.'

Answer 76

1. Awe of nature 2. Durkheimian drugs 3. Raves

Question 77

# Morality Via what three strategies does Jonathan Haidt say that organizations can exploit human psychology to increase their employees' satisfaction via collective effervescence and hive mentality?

Answer 77

**1.** Increase similarity, not diversity **2.** Exploit synchrony **3.** Create healthy competition among teams, not individuals

Question 78

# Morality Why would Durkheim say that humans are *Homo duplex*?

Answer 78

Humans live most of their lives in the **individualistic** (aka profane; aka selfish) plane with brief and ecstatic experiences in the **hive** (aka sacred; aka groupish) plane (*According to Jonathan Haidt, we're 90% chimp and 10% bee.*)

Question 79

# Morality For what reason does Jonathan Haidt say that religion evolved?

Answer 79

To i**ncrease group cohesiveness** **and** **stability** via increased commitment, inhibition of cheating, and inhibition of free riders (**group** **selection**)

Question 80

# Morality Jonathan Haidt states that the near-universal human belief in a higher power may stem from misfirings of innate processes. **Give an example**.

Answer 80

**Hypersensitive agency detection** (ascribing agency to natural processes like the wind)

Question 81

# Morality In what ways would Jonathan Haidt say that religion '**binds and blinds**' communities in a moral matrix?

Answer 81

**Increased group cohesion** (around certain values) + **sacredness** (principles that can no longer be questioned)

Question 82

# Morality What would Jonathan Haidt say are the likely two steps by which religion arose in *Homo sapiens*?

Answer 82

1. **By-products of innate processes** (e.g. ascribing agency to natural processes like the sun rising or chance occurrence like a good day of hunting) 2. **Group selection** (cultural selection; maypoles to rally around)

Question 83

# Morality **True/False**. Jonathan Haidt would argue that religous belief is the main catalyst promoting the religious to do good.

Answer 83

**False**. Jonathan Haidt would argue that religous ***belongingness*** is the main catalyst promoting the religious to do good.

Question 84

# Morality What is Jonathan Haidt's definition of **moral** **systems**?

Answer 84

*'Moral systems are interlocking sets of values, virtues, norms, practices, identities, institutions, technologies, and evolved psychological mechanisms that work together to suppress or regulate self-interest and make cooperative societies possible.'*

Question 85

# Morality **True/False**. According to Jonathan Haidt, those that are born with a genetic predisposition to have (1) a low sensitivity to signs of threat and (2) a high affinity for novelty/variety/diversity are more likely to be more politically liberal.

Answer 85

True.

Question 86

# Morality **True/False**. According to Jonathan Haidt, those that are born with a genetic predisposition to have (1) a high sensitivity to signs of threat and (2) a low affinity for novelty/variety/diversity are more likely to be more politically conservative.

Answer 86

True.

Question 87

# Morality What would Jonathan Haidt define as 'moral capital?'

Answer 87

The resources that sustain a moral community

Question 88

# Morality Which philosopher spoke as to the essential nature of both conservative voices to ground the political structure and liberal voices to care for the underserved?

Answer 88

John Stuart Mill

Question 89

# Morality What are the two liberal viewpoints that Jonathan Haidt says are the most profoundly useful/healthy to society in terms of economic well-being?

Answer 89

(1) Governments should **restrain** **corporate** **superorganisms** to prevent externalities (2) Some big problems really can be solved by **regulation** (Leaded gasoline is an example for both of these.)

Question 90

# Morality What is the main libertarian viewpoint that Jonathan Haidt says is a useful counterpoint to liberal economic concerns?

Answer 90

**Markets are miraculous** (at least when their externalities and other failures are addressed)

Question 91

# Morality What is the main conservative viewpoint that Jonathan Haidt says is a useful counterpoint to liberal concerns?

Answer 91

You don't usually help bees by destroying the hive

Question 92

# Morality Robert Putnam found that religious individuals make better neighbors (to religious and secular neighbors alike) and citizens for what reason of their faith?

Answer 92

Increased belongingness / connectivity

Question 93

# Morality Robert Putnam found that increased ethnic diversity and levels of immigration cause __________ (increased/decreased) social capital in the community.

Answer 93

Robert Putnam found that increased ethnic diversity and levels of immigration cause **_decreased_** social capital in the community.

Question 94

# Morality Robert Putnam found that increased ethnic diversity and levels of immigration cause decreased social capital in the community. **True/False**. This occurs due to discrimination and increased out-group hatred.

Answer 94

**False**. This occurs due to ***decreased similarities within communities and subsequently decreased social connectivity*** (***which in turn reduces moral capital***).

Question 95

# Morality According to Jonathan Haidt, it is important to have a diverse array of intellectual opinions and ideological perspectives in any truth-seeking group (such as a governing board or a group of scientists) because our minds are hardwired to find reasonings to support the conclusions we've already reached (the rider going along with the elephant). Diversity is important. **In what ways is diversity dangerous to moral capital**?

Answer 95

Similarity of values/principles breeds social connectivity; diversity makes it more difficult for individuals to bond

Question 96

# Morality Why is liberty not the be-all and end-all as a bedrock principle for morality?

Answer 96

_We often place limits on **liberty**_ *in favor of **well-being*** (making well-being a more useful bedrock upon which liberty is an overlay)

Question 97

# The Righteous Mind **True/False**. You should identify with the political party that proposes the same solutions with which you agree.

Answer 97

**False**. You should identify with the political party that ***identifies and worries about the same issues you do***. *(This way, you can maintain solidarity of cause while still being able to critique the party's approach.)*

Question 98

# The Righteous Mind Why is it useful to personally identify with the specific issues a political party is acknowledging/addressing rather than with the specific, proposed solutions?

Answer 98

One can maintain _group membership_ and _solidarity of cause_ ***while still being able to critique the party's approach***