The Self

Question 1

Objective self- awareness

Duval and Qicklund 1972

Answer 1

state in which you are aware of yourself as an object

–> generated by something like an audience or a mirror

Question 2

Self-awareness theory

Carver and Scheier 1981

Answer 2

There are two types of self we can be aware of:

• Private self (thoughts, feelings, attitudes)
• Public self (how others see you)

Question 3

Deindividuation

Answer 3

Reduced self-awareness and a lost sense of idividual identity
–> often engaging in antisocial behaviour

Question 4

Self-focused Attention (Silvia and Philips 2013)

Answer 4

Not self awareness but fous of attention on self

–> first name priming

Question 5

Looking glass effect

Answer 5

we form the concept of self by seeing ourselves as (we think) others see us

Question 6

Self- Schema

Answer 6

long lasting and stable set of memories that summarize a person’s beliefs, experiences and generalizations about the self, in specific behavioral domains

Question 7

Self-concept

Answer 7

combined of a large number of self-schemas

–> everything a person believes to be true about himself

Question 8

Self-descrepancy Theory

Higgins 1987

Answer 8

3 types of self schemas.

1. Actual self
2. Ideal self
3. Ought self
   - -> discrepancy between those selfs motivates us to engage in self-regulation

Question 9

Regulatory Focus Theory

Higgins 1997

Answer 9

2 Self regulatory systems

• -> the way we self regulate depends on if we are:
  1. promotion focused - concerned with ideals
  2. prevention focused - concerned with oughts

Question 10

Self-Perception Theory

Bem 1972

Answer 10

when internal cues are weak we make inferences about ourself´ves from our behaviour

Question 11

Social Comparison Theory

Festinger 1954

Answer 11

People determine their self-worth by making comparisons to others

Question 12

Self-evaluation maintenance model

Tesser 1988

Answer 12

People who are constrained to make esteem-damaging comparisons can underplay/deny similarity to the target

Question 13

BIRGing

Cialdini

Answer 13

baskin in reflected glory phenomenon

–> we link ourselves with desirable people or groups to improve other people´s impression of us

Question 14

Types of self and identity

(Brewer and Gardener 1996) -3-

Answer 14

1. Individual self - idiosyncratic personal traits
2. Relational self - connections and role reltionships with significant others
3. Collective self - group membership that differentiates us from others

Question 15

Types of self and identity

(Tajfel and Turner 1986) -2-

Answer 15

1. Social Identity - part of self concep deriving from group memberships
2. Personal Identity - self defined in terms of idiosyncratic personal attributes

Question 16

Optimal distinctiveness model

(Brewer

Answer 16

we want to be unique and fit in at the same time –> optimally distinctive

Question 17

Meta contrast principle

Answer 17

The prototype of a group is the position within the group that has the largest ratio of differences to ingroup positions to differences to outgroup positions

Question 18

Social Identity theory

Tajfel and Turner

Answer 18

The portion of an individuals slef-concept derived from perceived mombership in a relevant social group

1. Categorization
2. Identification
3. Comparison
4. Distinctiveness

Question 19

Self-categorisation theory

or social identity theory of the group

Answer 19

theory of how the process of categorising oneself as a group member produces social identity and group/ingroup behaviour

Question 20

Self-assassment

Answer 20

Motivation to seek new information about ourselves in order to find out what sort of person we really are

Question 21

Self-verification

Answer 21

Seeking out information that verifies and confirms what we already know

Question 22

Self-enhancement

Answer 22

Motivation to develop and promote favourable image of self

Question 23

Self affirmation theory

Steele

Answer 23

We reduce the impact of a threat to our self concept by focusing on and affirming competence in some other area
–> study Mormon women

Question 24

Self-esteem

Answer 24

The feeling and evaluation about oneself (evaluative part of the self concept)
–> difference between the real self and the ideal self (Self-descrepancy theory)

Question 25

Terror management theory

Answer 25

Most human motivation is to reduce the terror of the inevitable death --> pursuit of self esteem in order to do so

Question 26

Self enhancing triad

Answer 26

We overestimate our good points and control over events and are unrealistically optimistc --> above average effect

Question 27

Self-serving bias

Answer 27

self-serving attributions / perceiving oneself in a more favourably light

Question 28

Unrealistic optimism bias

Answer 28

--> self serving bias | illusiory optimism that we are less llikely to experience negative events

Question 29

defensive pessimism

Answer 29

--> self serving bias | lowering expectations to prepare oneself for the worst

Question 30

false-uniquness effect

Answer 30

--> self serving bias | we underestimate our own communality and see us as overly unique

Question 31

strategic self presentation/ impression management

Answer 31

Manipulating someones perception of you: 1. Self promotion - competence 2. ingratiation - get people to like you 3. intimidation - you´re dangerous 4. exemplification - morally respectable 5. supplication - Pity and helplessness

Question 32

Michelangelo Phenomenon

Answer 32

expectations create reality: positive expectations of others guide them to their ideal self

Question 33

Independent self

Answer 33

Unique, autonomous individual, seperate from context | --> Individualist/western cultures

Question 34

Interdependent self

Answer 34

Connected with others, embedded in social context | --> Collectivist/eastern Cultures

Question 35

Likeliness of correspondent attribution when:

Answer 35

o The behavior is freely chosen o The behavior is exclusive (or non-common) o The behavior is high in personalism o The behavior is low in social desirability o The behavior is hedonically relevant

Question 36

Self reference effect

Answer 36

we remember information better when it´s connected to our self

Question 37

Article about subliminal comparison (Mussweiler) People were shown a letter sting where then a cue word was shown that was supposed to be aggressiveness related or not (subliminally)

Answer 37

- Self-evaluations influenced by subliminally (unterschwellig) presented standards o Simulated towards moderate standards and contrasted away from extreme o Only when participants where engaged in self-reflection during exposure --> Social comparison truly ubiquitous (allgegenwärtig) processes that are engaged even for fleeting exposure to standard information

Question 38

Self regulation

Answer 38

Strategies we use to match our behaviour to an ideal or ought standard

Question 39

Overjustification effect

Answer 39

In the absence of obvious external determinants of our behaviour, we assume that we freely choose the behaviour because we enjoy it

Question 40

Study to overjustification effecr | by Mark Lepper

Answer 40

they had nursery school children draw and some of them did it of their own free will the other had to be persuaded through a reward - -> a week later the ones who didnt receive a reward were much more likely to draw because they thought they did it because they liked it - -> overjustification effect can be reversed if we infere that we only did something for the reward and therefore dont actually like doing it

Question 41

Self evaluation maintenance model | Tesser

Answer 41

People who are constrained to make esteem-damaging unpward comparisons can underplay or deny similarity to the target, or they can withdraw from their relationship with the target --> see medalists at the olympics silver medalists have to compare themselves to the first place and therefore show less satisfaction then for example bronze medallists who can make downward comparisons

Question 42

Study for self affirmation theory | --> Mormon Women ins Salt Lake City

Answer 42

they asked for willingness to take part in a time consuming study and those who agreed would be calleed back in a week then three conditions received a call two days earlier where the mormon community was describe as either: ● un-cooperative with community projects (a direct threat to a core component of their self-concept), or ● un-concerned about driver safety and care (a threat to a relatively irrelevant component of their self-concept), or ● cooperative with community projects (positive reinforcement of their self-concept). the two threats greatly increased the probability that the woman would agree to the participation

Question 43

Dark Triad

Answer 43

Narcissism, Machiavellianism and Psychopathy

Question 44

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer 44

Theory of how the self emerges from human interaction, which involves people trading symbols (through language and gesture) that are usually consensual and represent abstract properties rather than concrete objects.