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Earth Science Praxis Exam: Earth Unit > The Solid Earth - Chapter 1: Minerals > Flashcards

The Solid Earth - Chapter 1: Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Practically every manufactured product contains materials obtained from _____.

A

Minerals

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2
Q

An aggregate of one or more material

A

Rock

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3
Q

____ implies that the minerals are found together as a mixture in which the properties of the individual minerals are retained

A

Aggregate

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4
Q

True or false: certain minerals, along with impurities, are commonly found by themselves in large quantities and in these instances are considered to be rocks.

A

True

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5
Q

A naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses a definite chemical structure

A

Mineral

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6
Q

Four rules of minerals

A

Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Solid
Definite Chemical Structure

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7
Q

Minerals, like all matter, are made of ____

A

Elements

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8
Q

Name two minerals that are made of entirely one element

A

Gold and sulphur

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9
Q

Most minerals are a combination of two or more ____ joined to form a chemically stable compound

A

Elements

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10
Q

The smallest part of matter that still retains characteristics of an element

A

Atom

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11
Q

What does the combining in elements forming compounds?

A

Atoms

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12
Q

Central region of atom

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

Positively charged subatomic particles; dense

A

Protons

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14
Q

Dense subatomic particles with no charge

A

Neutrons

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15
Q

Subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus and carry a negative charge

A

Electron

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16
Q

What determines the atomic number of an element?

A

Number of protons

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17
Q

True or false: since uncombined atoms have the same number of electrons as protons, the atomic number also equals the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus

A

True

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18
Q

True or false: neutrons have a charge

A

False

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19
Q

Elements combine with each other to form a wide variety of more complex substances called ____

A

Compounds

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20
Q

A substance composed of two or more elements bonded together in definite proportions

A

Compound

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21
Q

The forces that bond atoms are ____ in nature

A

Electrical

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22
Q

When an atom combines chemically, it either gains, loses, or shares ____ with another atom

A

Electron

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23
Q

Atoms that have an electrical charge because of a gain or loss of electrons are called _____

A

ions

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24
Q

____ charged ions attract one another and produce a neutral chemical compound

A

Oppositely

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25
Q

This can be determined by totaling the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus

A

Mass number

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26
Q

True or false: two atoms of an element can have differing numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

A

True

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27
Q

Atoms of an element with a different mass number

A

Isotope

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28
Q

A common element that has isotopes with mass numbers of 12 and 14

A

carbon

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29
Q

All atoms of the same type do have the same number of ____

A

protons

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30
Q

The term commonly used to express the average of the atomic masses of isotopes for a given element

A

Atomic weight

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31
Q

_____ isotopes are isotopes that go through a process of natural disintegration

A

unstable

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32
Q

the process that occurs when the forces that bind the nucleus are not strong enough

A

Radioactivity

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33
Q

The rate at which the unstable nuclei break apart is measurable and makes isotopes useful for ______

A

dating events of earth’s history

34
Q

Each mineral has an orderly arrangement of ____

A

atoms

35
Q

What is another name for the arrangement of atoms in a mineral?

A

Crystalline structure

36
Q

The external expression of a mineral that reflects the orderly internal arrangement of atoms

A

Crystal form

37
Q

Why might a crystal with well-formed crystal faces develop?

A

A mineral forms without space restrictions

38
Q

Most of the time crystal growth is interrupted because of _________

A

competition for space

39
Q

What is an obvious feature of a mineral that is an unreliable diagnostic property?

A

Color

40
Q

When a mineral exhibits a variety of colors it is said to possess

A

Exotic coloration

41
Q

Exotic coloration is usually caused by the inclusion of _____

A

impurities

42
Q

Minerals that have fairly consistent coloration as a result of chemical make up are said to have

A

Inherent coloration

43
Q

The color of a mineral in its powdered form, obtained by rubbing the mineral across unglazed porcelain

A

Streak

44
Q

The unglazed porcelain used to test streak

A

Streak plate

45
Q

Which property can be used to distinguish minerals with metallic vs nonmetallic lusters?

A

Streak

46
Q

The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral

A

Luster

47
Q

Lusters described as metal

A

metallic

48
Q

Lusters described as pearly, silky, dull

A

Nonmetallic

49
Q

A measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching

A

Hardness

50
Q

The numerical scale of hardness

A

Mohs

51
Q

Mohs scale from 1-10

A 
Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Orthoclase
Quartz
Topaz
Corudum
Diamond
52
Q

A mineral can or cannot be scratched by something less hard

A

Cannot

53
Q

The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding that exist between atoms in the crystalline structure

A

Cleavage

54
Q

An example of a mineral with excellent cleavage that breaks in thin, flat sheets

A

Micas

55
Q

The number of different sets of plans exhibited/the angles at which the planes meet

A

Cleavage

56
Q

Minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to

A

fracture

57
Q

Minerals that break into smooth curved surfaces resembling broken glass have

A

Conchoidal fracture

58
Q

A number that represents the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water

A

Specific gravity

59
Q

The average specific gravity for minerals

A

2.7

60
Q

Halite has a ___ taste

A

salty

61
Q

Gold is _____ and can be easily shaped

A

malleable

62
Q

Talc and graphite both have distinctive ____

A

feels

63
Q

If a mineral can be picked up with a magnet, it might have a high ____

A

iron content

64
Q

An optical property of calcite that double letters when it is on top

A

double refraction

65
Q

Some minerals (like carbonates) will fizz with a small drop of dilute ________ and might indicate calcite

A

hydrochloric acid

66
Q

A few dozen minerals are abundant and collectively make up the rocks of the earth’s crust. Therefore, they are called

A

rock-forming minerals

67
Q

The bulk of rock-forming minerals are made up of ______ elements

A

8

68
Q

The two most abundant elements

A

Silicone

Oxygen

69
Q

When silicone and oxygen combine, they form the most common mineral group _____

A

Silicates

70
Q

What is the basic building block of all silicate materials?

A

The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

71
Q

What are the 5 elements that join silicate structures?

A 
Iron
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
72
Q

When do most silicate minerals form?

A

When molten rock cools and crystallizes

73
Q

Dark silicates contain ions of __________

A

Iron and/or magnesium

74
Q

Dark silicates have a specific gravity greater than ___

A

3

75
Q

An important rock-forming group is the _____ which is nonsilicate

A

carbonates

76
Q

What is CaCO3?

A

Calcite

77
Q

What mineral is a major constituent of limestone and marble?

A

Calcite

78
Q

Two nonsilicate minerals frequently found in rocks besides the carbonates?

A

Halite

Gypsum

79
Q

Name the types of minerals that are silicate

A 
Olivine
Augite
Hornblende
Micas
Feldspars
Quartz
80
Q

What is SiO2?

A

Quartz

81
Q

Name two types of micas

A

Biotite

Muscovite

Earth Science Praxis Exam: Earth Unit (70 decks)

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