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Earth Science Praxis Exam: Earth Unit > The Solid Earth - Chapter 9: Life of the Geologic Past > Flashcards

The Solid Earth - Chapter 9: Life of the Geologic Past Flashcards

1
Q

When did life evolve?

A

During the Precambrian

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2
Q

Why was the life evolved during the Precambrian not recorded in fossils?

A

Simple and soft bodied

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3
Q

Although fossils from that time are rare, well preserved remains of minute organisms such as bacteria and blue green algae called _____ have been discovered that extend the record of life back nearly 3.5 billion years

A

cyanobacteria

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4
Q

The fossil record of animals dates from the late Precambrian and includes distinctive ________ believed to have been created by elongate wormlike animals

A

trails and burrows

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5
Q

True or false: the fossil record demonstrates the existence of a diverse group of multi-celled organisms as the Precambrian ended

A

True

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6
Q

The Paleozoic era (the longest - encompasses 325 million years) is marked by the appearance of life forms that possessed ____

A

hard parts

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7
Q

Life in early Paleozoic time was restricted to the ___

A

seas

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8
Q

Life in early Paleozoic time consisted of ____ groups

A

invertebrate

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9
Q

Give 5 examples of Paleozoic invertebrate groups

A 
Trilobites
Graptolites
Brachiopods
Bryozoans
Mollusks
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10
Q

What period is the golden age of trilobites?

A

Cambrian

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11
Q

What was introduced by Ordovician times?

A

Small marine invertebrates called brachiopods started to outnumber the trilobites. The adults were attached to the floor, but the larvae were SWIMMING which meant they were more well spread. This time also marked the appearance of cephalopods

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12
Q

What are cephalopods?

A

Highly developed mollusks that were mobile and became the major predators of the Ordovician… their descendants include octopus, squid. These could reach nearly 30 feet.

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13
Q

As the Silurian gave way to the Devonian, some 400 million years ago, plants that had adapted to survival at the water’s edge began to ____

A

move inland

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14
Q

By the end of the Devonian, the fossil record indicates the existence of forests with trees _____ high

A

tens of meters

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15
Q

Ordovician fishes with armor plates evolved during the ____ to include primitive sharks and bony fishes

A

Devonian

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16
Q

Age of the fishes

A

Devonian

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17
Q

Two groups of bony fishes in late Devonian time

A

lungfish

lobe-finned fish

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18
Q

By late Devonian time, what started to invade the land?

A

Air breathing amphibians with fishlike heads and tails

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19
Q

The conditions during the remainder of the Paleozoic were ideal for ______ to the land

A

amphibians

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20
Q

What was abundant for amphibians to snack on?

A

Plants and insects

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21
Q

True or false: the amphibians wildly diversified during the Paleozoic

A

False

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22
Q

Where did the coal deposits associated with the industrial revolution originate?

A

Vast swamps that extended across North America, Europe, and Siberia in the Pennsylvanian period

23
Q

The Paleozoic ended with the ___ period

A

Permian

24
Q

Describe the Permian period (big ol’ event)

A

A time when the earth’s major landmasses joined to form the supercontinent Pangaea

25
Q

By the close of the Permian, ____ percent of the amphibian families had disappeared and plants declined both in number and variety

A

75

26
Q

Why did animals like trilobites go extinct?

A

Because they could not adapt to the circumstances of the Permian (like the climate change associated with Pangea and the mass extinction)

27
Q

What is the nickname for Mesozoic era?

A

Age of dinosaurs

28
Q

What separates the Paleozoic and Mesozoic?

A

A profound difference in the fossils in Permian strata and those in younger Triassic rocks

29
Q

The life forms at the dawn of the Mesozoic era were those that had ____

A

survived the great Permian extinctions

30
Q

Conditions in the Mesozoic favored those groups able to adapt to ____

A

drier climates

31
Q

What was a member of the plant kingdom that survived the Permian extinction?

A

gymnosperms

32
Q

Dinosaurs became dominant and remained unchallenged for ________ years

A

100 million

33
Q

Why were gymnosperms important evolutionarily?

A

They were seed spreading and didn’t need water to bound them

34
Q

Name three examples of gymnosperms

A

cycads
conifers
ginkfoes

35
Q

What were the largest plants in the Mesozoic forests?

A

Conifers

36
Q

What are modern descendants of conifers?

A

Pines
Firs
Junipers

37
Q

The reptiles are the first true ____ life forms

A

Terrestrial

38
Q

How do reptiles reproduce?

A

Shell covered eggs that can be laid on land

39
Q

Some dinosaurs were carnivorous. What is the obvious example?

A

Tyrannosaurus

40
Q

Brontosaurus is (herbivorous/carnivorous)

A

herbivorous

41
Q

True or false: some dinosaurs were warm blooded

A

True

42
Q

Which group of dinosaurs took to the air and are called “dragons of the sky”?

A

Pterosaurs

43
Q

Of the large number of Mesozoic reptiles, only a few survived to recent times. Name four of these.

A

Turtles
Snakes
Crocodiles
Lizards

44
Q

The demise of the great reptiles is attributed generally to ____

A

their inability to this group to adapt to some radical change in environmental conditions

45
Q

What is a nickname for Cenozoic era?

A

Era of recent life

46
Q

What time span does the Cenozoic envelop?

A

66 million years

47
Q

What type of plants came from the Cenozoic era?

A

Angiosperms (flowering plants with covered seeds)

48
Q

What is another term for gastropod

A

snail

49
Q

What are the fossils that are one of the most studied because they help correlate Tertiary sediments?

A

foraminifers

50
Q

The strata of foraminifers are valuable because …

A

They yield more oil than rocks of other ages

51
Q

What is another animal centric nickname for the Cenozoic

A

age of mammals

52
Q

When did primitive mammals evolve?

A

late Triasssic

53
Q

What are some distinct qualities of mammals?

A

Born live
Maintain body temperature (warm blooded)
Body hair
Efficient heart and lungs

54
Q

What two groups of mammals evolved and expanded to dominate the Cenozoic?

A

marsupials

placentals

Earth Science Praxis Exam: Earth Unit (70 decks)

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