The Solid Earth - Chapter 1: Sedimentary Rocks

Question 1

____ begins the process of the origin of sedimentary rocks

Answer 1

Weathering

Question 2

Running water, wind, waves, and glacial ice are examples of ______ agents

Answer 2

erosional

Question 3

True or false: the particles are not broken down further during the transport phase

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Following deposition, the sediment is ____ (turned into rock)

Answer 4

Lithified

Question 5

Weathered debris is constantly being swept from bedrock and carried away by ____ and ____

Answer 5

Water

Wind

Question 6

As piles of sediment accumulate, the materials near the bottom are compacted by the weight of the overlying layers. Over long periods, these sediments are cemented together by _____ matter deposited in the spaces between particles to form solid rock

Answer 6

Mineral

Question 7

__ percent of all rock outcrops on the continents are sedimentary

Answer 7

75

Question 8

Sediment accumulates at the ___ of the earth

Answer 8

Surface

Question 9

Sedimentary rocks contain ____ which are vital in studying the geological past

Answer 9

Fossils

Question 10

True or false: coal is considered to be a sedimentary rock

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Deposits of sedimentary materials are referred to as ____

Answer 11

detrital

Question 12

The second major source of sediment is soluble material produced by ____ weathering

Answer 12

Chemical

Question 13

When the dissolved substances are precipitated by either organic or inorganic processes, the rocks formed are called ____

Answer 13

chemical sedimentary rocks

Question 14

_____ and _____ are the chief constituents of most sedimentary rocks that are detrital

Answer 14

Clay

Quartz

Question 15

Give two qualities of quartz that make it abundant

Answer 15

Durable

Resistant to chemical weathering

Question 16

When gravel sized particles predominate in rock it is called

Answer 16

congolomerate

Question 17

Gravel size particles make a rock ___

Answer 17

conglomerate

Question 18

Sand size particles make a rock

Answer 18

Sandstone

Question 19

Silt sized particles make a rock

Answer 19

Siltstone

Question 20

Clay sized particles make a rock

Answer 20

Shale

Question 21

The name of a sandstone like rock with angled edges

Answer 21

Breccia

Question 22

True or false: angular fragments indicate that particles were not transported far from their source for deposition

Answer 22

True

Question 23

The stronger the current, the (larger/smaller) the particle size carried

Answer 23

Larger

Question 24

Silts and clay settle very (slowly/quickly), and these accumulations are associated with the waters of a lake, lagoon, swamp, or marine environment

Answer 24

Slowly

Question 25

When notable amounts of ____ are present in sandstone, they are called arkose

Answer 25

Feldspar

Question 26

Chemical sediments derive from materials that are carried in ___ in bodies of water

Answer 26

Solution

Question 27

Sediment formed by chemical processes are said to have a ___ origin

Answer 27

biochemical

Question 28

Give a large example of chemical sediments forming a large unit

Answer 28

Lake or ocean floor

Question 29

What is the most common chemical sedimentary rock?

Answer 29

Limestone

Question 30

Which mineral primarily makes up limestone?

Answer 30

Calcite (CaCO3)

Question 31

As much as ___ percent of the world's limestone may have originated as accumulations of biochemical sediment

Answer 31

90

Question 32

An easily identified biochemical limestone composed of poorly cemented shells

Answer 32

Coquina

Question 33

A soft porous rock made up almost entirely of the hard parts of microscopic organisms no larger than the head of a pin

Answer 33

Chalk

Question 34

An example of inorganic origin limestone

Answer 34

Travertine

Question 35

What is the source of travertine that is deposited in caves?

Answer 35

Groundwater

Question 36

Dissolved ___ precipitates to form varieties of microcrystalline quartz

Answer 36

Silica

Question 37

Give four examples of quartz variety from chemical sedimentary rock formations

Answer 37

Agate Chert Flint Jasper

Question 38

What is very often the mechanism triggering deposition of chemical precipitates

Answer 38

Evaporation

Question 39

List two minerals commonly precipitated through evaporation

Answer 39

Gypsum | Halite

Question 40

What is the chief component of rock salt?

Answer 40

Halite

Question 41

Deposits that formed under the condition of shallower arms of the sea which constantly required water moving to replace evaporated water

Answer 41

Evaporites

Question 42

____ marks may indicate a beach or stream channel environment

Answer 42

Ripple

Question 43

______ form when wet mud or clay dries and shrinks, perhaps signifying a tidal flat or desert basin

Answer 43

Mud cracks

Question 44

The _______ in a sandstone might indicate it was once a sand dune

Answer 44

Cross-bedding

Question 45

____ is most significant as a lithification process in fine grained sedimentary rocks like shale

Answer 45

Compaction

Question 46

____ materials are carried in solution by water percolating through the open spaces between particles

Answer 46

Cementated

Question 47

The most common cements

Answer 47

Calcite Iron Oxide Silica

Question 48

True or false: calcite cement will effervesce with dilute hydrochloric acid

Answer 48

True

Question 49

___ is the hardest cement

Answer 49

Silica

Question 50

When a sedimentary rock has an orange or red color, this usually means _____ ______ is present

Answer 50

Iron oxide

Question 51

Two names for the layers of sediment deposited

Answer 51

Beds | Strata

Question 52

What separates the strata?

Answer 52

Bedding planes

Question 53

A conglomerate could indicate a (high/low) energy environment where only course materials could settle out

Answer 53

High

Question 54

A rock that is arkose might indicate a (dry/wet) climatee where feldspar would not be altered

Answer 54

Dry

Question 55

Carbonaceous shale is a sign of a low energy organic rich environment such as a ____ or _____

Answer 55

lagoon | Swamp

Question 56

The traces or remains of prehistoric life

Answer 56

Fossils