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Earth Science Praxis Exam: Earth Unit > The Solid Earth - Chapter 1: Sedimentary Rocks > Flashcards

The Solid Earth - Chapter 1: Sedimentary Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

____ begins the process of the origin of sedimentary rocks

A

Weathering

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2
Q

Running water, wind, waves, and glacial ice are examples of ______ agents

A

erosional

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3
Q

True or false: the particles are not broken down further during the transport phase

A

False

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4
Q

Following deposition, the sediment is ____ (turned into rock)

A

Lithified

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5
Q

Weathered debris is constantly being swept from bedrock and carried away by ____ and ____

A

Water

Wind

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6
Q

As piles of sediment accumulate, the materials near the bottom are compacted by the weight of the overlying layers. Over long periods, these sediments are cemented together by _____ matter deposited in the spaces between particles to form solid rock

A

Mineral

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7
Q

__ percent of all rock outcrops on the continents are sedimentary

A

75

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8
Q

Sediment accumulates at the ___ of the earth

A

Surface

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9
Q

Sedimentary rocks contain ____ which are vital in studying the geological past

A

Fossils

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10
Q

True or false: coal is considered to be a sedimentary rock

A

True

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11
Q

Deposits of sedimentary materials are referred to as ____

A

detrital

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12
Q

The second major source of sediment is soluble material produced by ____ weathering

A

Chemical

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13
Q

When the dissolved substances are precipitated by either organic or inorganic processes, the rocks formed are called ____

A

chemical sedimentary rocks

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14
Q

_____ and _____ are the chief constituents of most sedimentary rocks that are detrital

A

Clay

Quartz

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15
Q

Give two qualities of quartz that make it abundant

A

Durable

Resistant to chemical weathering

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16
Q

When gravel sized particles predominate in rock it is called

A

congolomerate

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17
Q

Gravel size particles make a rock ___

A

conglomerate

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18
Q

Sand size particles make a rock

A

Sandstone

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19
Q

Silt sized particles make a rock

A

Siltstone

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20
Q

Clay sized particles make a rock

A

Shale

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21
Q

The name of a sandstone like rock with angled edges

A

Breccia

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22
Q

True or false: angular fragments indicate that particles were not transported far from their source for deposition

A

True

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23
Q

The stronger the current, the (larger/smaller) the particle size carried

A

Larger

24
Q

Silts and clay settle very (slowly/quickly), and these accumulations are associated with the waters of a lake, lagoon, swamp, or marine environment

A

Slowly

25
Q

When notable amounts of ____ are present in sandstone, they are called arkose

A

Feldspar

26
Q

Chemical sediments derive from materials that are carried in ___ in bodies of water

A

Solution

27
Q

Sediment formed by chemical processes are said to have a ___ origin

A

biochemical

28
Q

Give a large example of chemical sediments forming a large unit

A

Lake or ocean floor

29
Q

What is the most common chemical sedimentary rock?

A

Limestone

30
Q

Which mineral primarily makes up limestone?

A

Calcite (CaCO3)

31
Q

As much as ___ percent of the world’s limestone may have originated as accumulations of biochemical sediment

A

90

32
Q

An easily identified biochemical limestone composed of poorly cemented shells

A

Coquina

33
Q

A soft porous rock made up almost entirely of the hard parts of microscopic organisms no larger than the head of a pin

A

Chalk

34
Q

An example of inorganic origin limestone

A

Travertine

35
Q

What is the source of travertine that is deposited in caves?

A

Groundwater

36
Q

Dissolved ___ precipitates to form varieties of microcrystalline quartz

A

Silica

37
Q

Give four examples of quartz variety from chemical sedimentary rock formations

A

Agate
Chert
Flint
Jasper

38
Q

What is very often the mechanism triggering deposition of chemical precipitates

A

Evaporation

39
Q

List two minerals commonly precipitated through evaporation

A

Gypsum

Halite

40
Q

What is the chief component of rock salt?

A

Halite

41
Q

Deposits that formed under the condition of shallower arms of the sea which constantly required water moving to replace evaporated water

A

Evaporites

42
Q

____ marks may indicate a beach or stream channel environment

A

Ripple

43
Q

______ form when wet mud or clay dries and shrinks, perhaps signifying a tidal flat or desert basin

A

Mud cracks

44
Q

The _______ in a sandstone might indicate it was once a sand dune

A

Cross-bedding

45
Q

____ is most significant as a lithification process in fine grained sedimentary rocks like shale

A

Compaction

46
Q

____ materials are carried in solution by water percolating through the open spaces between particles

A

Cementated

47
Q

The most common cements

A

Calcite
Iron Oxide
Silica

48
Q

True or false: calcite cement will effervesce with dilute hydrochloric acid

A

True

49
Q

___ is the hardest cement

A

Silica

50
Q

When a sedimentary rock has an orange or red color, this usually means _____ ______ is present

A

Iron oxide

51
Q

Two names for the layers of sediment deposited

A

Beds

Strata

52
Q

What separates the strata?

A

Bedding planes

53
Q

A conglomerate could indicate a (high/low) energy environment where only course materials could settle out

A

High

54
Q

A rock that is arkose might indicate a (dry/wet) climatee where feldspar would not be altered

A

Dry

55
Q

Carbonaceous shale is a sign of a low energy organic rich environment such as a ____ or _____

A

lagoon

Swamp

56
Q

The traces or remains of prehistoric life

A

Fossils

Earth Science Praxis Exam: Earth Unit (70 decks)

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