The Spine Flashcards
(114 cards)
0
Q
significant motion only occur at which portion of the spine?
A
upper 25 vertebrae
1
Q
how many vertebra does a human have? how many are in each region?
A
32-34
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal
2
Q
T/F the size of the vertebral body increases as the column descends
A
T
3
Q
anterior part which gives strength to the vertebral column
A
vertebral body
4
Q
what consists the vertebral arch?
A
pedicles(pillars) and lamina(roof)
5
Q
most important stabilizing structure of posterior elements of the vertebra
A
pars interarticularis
6
Q
hole where nerve roots pass
A
neuroforamina
7
Q
vertebral arch+posterior surface of vertebral body
A
vertebral foramen
8
Q
foramen formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notches of the adjacent vertebrae
A
intervertebral foramen
9
Q
spinal nerves passes through which foramen?
A
intervertebral foramen
10
Q
what passes through the transverse foramen?
A
vertebral arteries
11
Q
ligament demarcating anterior and posterior elements
A
posterior longitudinal ligament
12
Q
distribution of weight bore by the anterior and posterior elements
A
anterior: 80% posterior: 20%
13
Q
what gives the spine its flexibility?
A
IV discs
14
Q
what determines the degree of motion of the spine
A
angle/direction of facets
15
Q
most movable portion of the spine
A
cervical
16
Q
angle of facet joints of cervical, lumbar and thoracic segments
A
cervical: 45deg
thoracic: 60deg
lumbar: 90deg
17
Q
[spine segment] small body, largest canal, short bifurcated spinous process, thin lamina
A
cervical
18
Q
[spine segment] medium sized body, smallest canal, long caudad spinous process, short transverse process, medium thickness laminae
A
thoracic vertebrae
19
Q
[spine segment] large canal, short, broad spinous processes, broad transverse process, broad strong laminae
A
lumbar
20
Q
which spine segment has a thin intervertebral disc compared to others?
A
cervical
21
Q
which atypical vertebra?
with ring, no body, no spinous process, short transverse process, with lateral masses
A
C1/atlas
22
Q
which atypical vertebra?
only vertebra with specialized process(dens/odontoid process), with thick lamina, has superior articulating facets
A
C2/axis
23
Q
which atypical vertebra
has vertebra prominens, only cervical vertebra with a spinous process that is not bifid
A
C7
24
[significance] lateral masses of the atlas
bear weight of the skull
25
[significance] superior articular facets of axis
where atlas rotates
26
which atypical vertebra?
with a long spinous process, almost as prominent as C7
T1
27
thoracic vertebrae that has mammillary processes
T9-T12
28
what muscles attaches to the mammillary processes of the thoracic vertebrae?
intertransversarii and multifidus
29
T/F the lumbar vertebrae facilitates flexion and extension but not rotation
T
30
what is the largest movable vertebra?
L5
31
provides strength and stability to the pelvis and transmits weight of the body to the pelvic girdle
sacral vertebrae
32
how many sacral foramina are there?
4
33
important obstetrical landmark
sacral promontory
34
which coccygeal vertebra is the largest?
Co1
35
muscles that attach to the coccyx
gluteus maximus, coccygeus, pubococcygeus
36
what is the first secondary curvature and when is it developed?
cervical lordosis; after birth
37
where is the center of gravity in a baby?
between its forelegs
38
where is the center of gravity in an adult?
2 inches in front of S2
39
what is the 2nd secondary curvature ans when does it develop?
lumbar lordosis; baby
40
at 5-6 y.o, the spinal cord stops growing. at what vertebral level would the spinal cord end?
conus medullaris (tip of spinal cord) would be at L1
41
motions that the cervical vertebrae are capable of
flex, extend, rotate, laterally bend
42
what structures prevent the thoracic vertebrae from extension?
spinous processes
43
motions that the thoracic vertebrae are capable of
flex, rotate, laterally bend
44
a true joint with capsule, hyaline cartilage and synovial membrane in the articulating surface
diarthrodial joint
45
example of a diarthrodial joint in the vertebral column
joint over the facets
46
movement allowed by diarthrodial joint
gliding (e.g. between vertebrae)
47
articulation where bony surfaces are connected by interosseous ligament
syndesmosis
48
examples of syndesmosis in the vertebral column and the corresponding ligaments
between laminae: ligamentum flavum, between spinous processes: interspinous ligament
49
most important joint in the spine
amphiarthrodial joint between the IV discs
50
the IV discs are made of
fibrocartilage
51
what type of joint so you use when you nod, and what forms it?
condyloid joint formed by the skull and the atlas
52
what type of joint do you use when you shake your head as if saying no? what forms this joint?
trochoid; atlas and axis
53
on what bone do we sit on?
ischial tuberosity
54
arrange the following in ascending order of which the spine is strongest in:
compression, torsion, bending, shear
shear
55
give the breakdown of torsional load on the spine
50% disc
20% ligaments
30% facets
56
strongest ligament in the vertebral column
anterior logitudinal ligament
57
extent of anterior longitudinal ligament
sacrum-c1
58
functions of anterior longitudinal ligament
maintains stability of IV discs; prevents hyperextension of vertebral column
59
T/F the anterior longitudinal ligament helps when you straighten up by recoil
T
60
ligament with the most number of nociceptors
posterior longitudinal ligament
61
cord-like ligament connecting the apices of spinous processes from c7 to sacrum
supraspinous ligament
62
which ligament has a lot of proprioceptors?
supraspinous ligament
63
ligament connecting adjacent transverse processes
intertransverse ligaments
64
which ligament limits lateral bending?
intertransverse ligament
65
which ligament limits flexion?
interspinous ligament
66
which ligament prevents hyperflexion and posterior protrusion of IV discs?
posterior longitudinal ligament
67
why is the ligamentum flavum yellow?
because it is abundant in elastin
68
which ligament assists in straightening spine after flexing?
ligamentum flavum
69
secures dens process to occupit, connects dens to tubercles on medial side of occipital condyle, and limits flexion and rotation in the CV complex
alar ligament
70
most important ligament over C1 and C2; securely fastens dens between C1 and C2
transverse atlantal ligament
71
ligament between ribs and transverse process
costotransverse ligament
72
secures dens to occiput
occipitodental ligament
73
prevent easy breakage of connection to the head
atlanto-occipital ligament
74
[function] IV discs
shock absorption/ energy dissipation/ cushioning
75
protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into the annulus fibrosus
herniation/ slipped disc
76
T/F central herniation is more common than posterolateral herniation
F
77
4 types of herniation
protrusion - bulging of nucleus pulposus without thinning of annulus fibrosus
prolapse - bulging of nucleus pulposus but with thinning annulus fibrosus
extrusion - ruptures annulus fibrosus but with no detachments escaping into the spinal canal
sequestration - parts of nucleus pulposus escapes into spinal canal; diagnosed with MRI and needs surgery
78
What is the gross mover of the spine?
erector spinae
79
what muscles make up the erector spinae?
iliocostalis, logissimus, spinalis
80
main action of transversocostal group
bilateral action: extends vertebral column and head, back is flexed,
unilateral action: laterally flex vertebral column
81
what comprises the transversocostal group?
splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, erector spinae
82
what happens to a patient if the multifidus is injured suring surgery?
back pain to muscle weakness through the years
83
major posterior stabilizer of the spine
multifidus
84
fine steering movement of the spine is due to
rotatores + multifidus
85
the artery of adamkiewicz is found at which vertebral levels?
T10-L2
172
how many anterior spinal artery are there? posterior?
1;2
173
what type of lever is the spine along the sagittal plane, coronal plabe and top view?
1st class lever
174
arrange the following in ascebding order of strength
vertebral body, pedicle, facets, spinous process
spinous process
175
arrange the following in order of ascending strength:
ALL(anterior longitudinal ligament), LF (ligamentum flavum), PLL(posterior longitudinal ligament), ISL(interspinous ligament), FC(facet capsule)
ISL
176
how much force/ weight will it take to break the vertebral body?
6000 N/ 612kg
177
T/F at 816kg (8000 N), the IV disc will still
| be intact
T
178
at what force/ weight will the ligaments get damaged, and disc herniated?
900 kg (9000N)
179
what composes the functional unit of the vertebral column?
2 vertebrae and the disc in between
180
most thoracolumbar fractures happen at what region?
L1-T12
181
inflammation of the spine
spondylitis
182
defect in pars interarticularis; gives the dog collar
spondylolysis
183
instability of the degenerating spine
spondylosis
184
disengagement of the superior vertebra from the inferior
spondylolisthesis
185
T/F all spondylolysis eventually lead to spondylolisthesis
F
186
T/F all spondylolisthesis has an aspect of spondylolysis
T
187
damage to the back of the spinal cord causing loss in proprioception and difficulty in coordinating limb movements
posterior cord syndrome
188
damage on one side of the spinal cord causing loss of motor function on the ipsilateral side; pain and temp sensation may still be preserved
Brown-Sequard syndrome
189
[define] anterior cord syndrome
damage towards the front of the spinal cord; loss of motor function and pain, temp, touch sensation
190
among the incomplete spinal cord injuries, which has the worst prognosis? the best?
anterior spine injury; Brown-Dequard Syndrome
191
bone grafts to replace IV discs are obtained from
the iliac crest
192
what is the hallmark of osteoporosis?
vertebral compression fracture
193
vitamin lacking in those who get osteoporosis
vit D
194
at what angles should a scoliotic spine be for it to require surgical intervention?
>40; if <=40, surgery is unnecessary
195
how do you test for scoliosis?
clasp hands as if praying then bend over; ribs will protrude out
196
the transversocostal group is innervated by
posterior rami of spinal nerves
197
[action] splenius capitis and cervicis
acting alone: laterally flex neck and rotate head to side of active muscles
acting together: extend head and neck
198
[action] semispinalis
extends head and thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column, and rotates them contralaterally
199
[action] rotatores
stabilizes vertebra and assist with local extension and rotatory movements
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