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MJM > The Vertebral Column (AP) > Flashcards

The Vertebral Column (AP) Flashcards

1
Q

5 regions of vertebral column (how many vertebrae in each)

A
  • Cervical (7)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacral (5)
  • Coccyx (4)
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2
Q

4 main functions of vertebral column

A
  • Protection
  • Support
  • Haematopoiesis
  • Movement
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3
Q

Borders of vertebral foramen

A
  • Vertebral body (anterior)
  • Vertebral arch (posterior)
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4
Q

Why are vertebral bodies of the lower portion larger?

A
  • Body is weight-bearing component
  • Increased weight as you go down
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5
Q

Components of vertebral arch

A
  • Spinous process
  • Lamina
  • Articular process
  • Pedicle
  • Transverse process
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6
Q

Distinguishing features of a cervical vertebra

A
  • Triangular vertebral foramen
  • Bifid spinous process
  • Transverse foramina (for vertebral arteries to travel to brain)
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7
Q

Distinguishing features of a thoracic vertebra

A
  • Circular vertebral foramen
  • Spinous process extends inferiorly
  • Heart-shaped vertebral body
  • 2 demi-facets (for ribs)
  • 1 costal facet (for rib)
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8
Q

Distinguishing features of a lumbar vertebra

A
  • Traingular vertebral foramen
  • Kidney-shaped vertebral body
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9
Q

Distinguishing features the sacrum

A

Lateral surface has facets for articulation with pelvis

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10
Q

Distinguishing features of the coccyx

A
  • No vertebral arches
  • No vertebral canal
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11
Q

Distinguishing features of the atlas

A
  • No vertebral body
  • No spinous process
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12
Q

Facets of the atlas

A
  • Superior articular facet
  • Inferior articular facet
  • Facet for Dens
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13
Q

What do each of the facets of the atlas articulate with?

A
  • SAF = occipital condyles of skull
  • IAF = axis
  • FFD = dens of axis
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14
Q

What is the atlas-axis joint secured by?

A
  • Transverse ligament of atlas
  • Apical ligament of dens
  • Alar ligament of dens
  • Longitudinal fibres
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15
Q

Distinguishing features of the axis

A
  • Odontoid process (dens)
  • Superior articular facet
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16
Q

Movements of the spine

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Lateral flexion
  • Medial flexion
  • Rotation
17
Q

4 curvatures of the spine

A
  • Cervical (posterior concavity - secondary)
  • Thoracic (anterior concavity - primary)
  • Lumbar (posterior concavity - secondary)
  • Sacral (anterior concavity - primary)
18
Q

What maintain the curvatures of the spine

A
  • Extensors of back
  • Abdominal flexors
19
Q

Function of the spinal curvatures

A

Absorb shock

20
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

21
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Excessive outward curvature of the spine in thoracic region (hunchback)

22
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Excessive inward curvature of the spine in lumbar region

23
Q

How do mobile vertebrae articulate with each other?

A
  • Facet joints (plane synovial)
    > Superior articular facets with inferior AFs
  • Vertebral body joints (2ndary cartilaginous)
    > Vertebral bodies lined with hyaline
    > Via IVDs
24
Q

Which ligaments strengthen the vertebral body joints?

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
25
Q

Which ligaments strengthen facet joints?

A
  • Ligamentum flavum (between lamina of adjacent)
  • Interspinous ligament (between spinous processes)
  • Supraspinous ligament (tips of spinous processes)
  • Intertransverse ligament (between transverse processes)
  • Ligament nuchae (spinous process to external occipital protuberance)
26
Q

Which structures protect the spinal cord?

A
  • Vertebral bodies
  • IVDs
  • Ligaments
  • Surrounding muscle
  • Meninges
  • CSF
27
Q

Function of IVDs

A
  • Shock absorbers
  • Prevent friction
28
Q

What happens in IVDs as person ages

A

Nucleus pulposus dries out –> uneven weight distribution –> microfractures –> degeneration of spine

29
Q

What happens in a herniated disc

A
  • Rupture in annulus fibrosus
  • Nucleus pulposus breaks through in posterolateral direction
  • Irritates nearby spinal nerves
30
Q

Function of extrinsic back muscles

A
  • Move upper limbs
  • Move thoracic wall
31
Q

Innervation of extrinsic back muscles

A

Anterior rami of spinal nerves

32
Q

Muscles in superficial layer of extrinsic back muscles

A
  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Rhomboid major
  • Rhomboid minor
  • Levator scapulae
33
Q

Muscles in intermediate layer of extrinsic back muscles

A
  • Serratus posterior superior
  • Serratus posterior inferior
34
Q

Function of serratus posterior superior and inferior

A
  • S = elevate ribs during inspiration
  • I = depress ribs during expiration
35
Q

Innervation of intrinsic back muscles

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

36
Q

Action of splenius muscles

A
  • Rotate head to same side
  • Extend head + neck
37
Q

Action of suboccipital muscles

A

Extend + rotate head

38
Q

Action of erector spinae muscles

A
  • Extension of spine
  • Lateral flexion of spine

MJM (32 decks)

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