List the 4 Cognitive Behavioural Approaches
1) Behaviour Therapy
2) Cognitive therapy
3) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
4) Choice Theory/Reality Therapy
Behavior Therapy
- The cornerstone of this approach is the identification of specific goals at the outset of therapy, which serves as a way to monitor and measure the progress of members
- This systematic approach begins with a comprehensive assessment of each individual
- Empirically supported techniques are selected (once goals are set) to deal with specific problems
- Some techniques are relaxation methods, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, guided practice, mindfulness skills, cognitive restructuring, and systematic desensitization
Cognitive Therapy
- Cognitive therapy assumes that people are prone to learning erroneous, self-defeating thoughts but that they are capable of unlearning them
- The group leader assists members in forming hypotheses and testing their assumptions, which is known as collaborative empiricism
- The goal is to change the way clients think by identifying their automatic thoughts and introduce the idea of cognitive restructuring
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
REBT holds that self-defeating thinking leads to emotional and behavioral disorders - People incorporate dysfunctional beliefs from external sources and then continue to indoctrinate themselves with this faulty thinking
- Goals of REBT are to eliminate a self-defeating outlook on life, to reduce unhealthy emotional responses, and to acquire a more rational and tolerant philosophy
Choice Theory/Reality Therapy
- Choice theory is the underlying philosophy of the practice of reality therapy
- A key concept of reality therapy and choice theory is that no matter how dire our circumstances may be, we always have a choice
- Human beings are motivated to change:
— When they determine that their current behavior is not getting them what they want
— When they believe they can choose other behaviors that will get them closer to what they want
List 5 Postmodern Approches
1) Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
2) Narrative Therapy
3) Motivational Interviewing
4) Feminist Therapy
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
- SFBT involves a shift from talking about problems to talking about exceptions to problems and creating solutions
- SFBT emphasizes the role of participants establishing their own goals and preferences.
- Members are asked to think about their future and what they want to be different in their lives
- SFBT is a collaborative venture
Narrative Therapy
- This approach is based partly on examining the stories that people tell and understanding the meaning of their stories
- The therapist attempts to separate clients from their problems (through externalizing conversations) so that they do not adopt a fixed view of their identity
- Group members are invited to view their stories from different perspectives and eventually co-create an alternative life story
Motivational Interviewing
- Rooted in the philosophy of person-centered therapy, but is deliberately directive, yet stays within the client’s frame of reference
- The major goals are to explore an individual’s ambivalence, to minimize this ambivalence, and to build intrinsic motivation
- Emphasizes being purposeful and getting to the point to guide group members toward positive change and to decide whether they want to make certain changes
Feminist Therapy
- This approach focuses on issues of diversity, the complexity of sexism, and the centrality of social context in understanding gender issues
- Group counseling has the task of bringing to awareness how gender-role socialization is deeply ingrained in adult personality
- Problematic symptoms can be viewed as coping or survival strategies rather than as evidence of pathology
- The major goal of feminist therapy is empowerment
An Integrative Approach
No single theory is comprehensive enough to account for the complexities of human behavior
Each theory has strengths and weaknesses and is, by definition, different from the others
Functioning exclusively within the parameters of one theory may not provide you with the therapeutic flexibility that you need to deal creatively with the complexities associated with diversity
role reversal
involves the group member taking on the part of another person. Through role reversal, people are able to get outside of their own frame of reference and enact a side of themselves they would rarely show to others.
Psychodrama
future projection
an anticipated event is brought into the present moment and acted out. These concerns may include wishes and hopes, dreaded fears of tomorrow, and goals that provide some direction to life. Members create a future time and place with selected people, bring this event into the present, and get a new perspective on a problem
Psychodrama
Automatic thoughts
are personalized notions that are triggered by particular
stimuli that lead to emotional responses. For example, a group member’s automatic thought might be: “I am stupid because I can’t follow what others are saying in this group.”
Cognitive Therapy
collaborative empiricism.
The group leader assists members in forming
hypotheses and testing their assumptions
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive restructuring
Group members sometimes engage in catastrophic thinking by dwelling on the most extreme negative aspects of a situation. The leader can assist members in detecting those times when members get stuck imagining the worst possible outcome of a
situation by asking these questions: “What is the worst thing that could occur?” and “If this happens, what would make this such a negative outcome?” Group participants are able to make changes by listening to their self-talk, by learning a new internal dialogue, and by learning coping skills needed for behavioral changes. In the group context, members are taught to recognize, observe, and monitor their own thoughts and assumptions, especially their negative automatic thoughts.
Cognitive Therapy
miracle question
allows members of a group to describe life without the
problem. The miracle question is often presented as follows: “ If a miracle happened and the problem you have disappeared overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different?
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
Scaling questions
require group members to specify improvement on a particular dimension on a scale of zero to 10. This technique enables clients to see progress being made in speciific step and degrees
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
Exception questions
direct group members to those times in their lives when
their problems did not exist. Exploring exceptions offers group members opportunities for discovering resources, engaging strengths, and creating possible solutions.
Solution-focused group counselors listen attentively for signs of previous solutions, exceptions, and goals. For example, Randy says: “I feel tired and depressed most of the time; I get angry at my kids over something they didn’t do almost every night.” Exception- nding questions include “When is this problem absent or less noticeable?”; “
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
guided discovery
a teaching and learning environment where students are actively participating in discovering knowledge
trained to test these inaccurate thoughts against reality by examining and weighing the evidence for and against them. This process involves empirically testing their beliefs by actively participating in a variety of methods, such as engaging in a process of guided discovery
Cognitive Therapy
