1
Q
Nemesis
A
- Built in 1832
- First iron steam boat
- first steel bottom boat that could travel through rivers with machine gun
- Ship production was high in the 19th century
- tools and weapons contribute to the balance of power from European factories.
- Steam boats could travel up rivers
2
Q
Quinine
A
- used a preventative for malaria and comes from tree bark
- Active ingredient in cinchona
- Available since 1840s century
- without this, European penetration would not have been possible as most would not have survived.
3
Q
Colonization
A
“The policy of a nation or state seeking to extend its authority over other people or territories”
- This includes political organization, military power, economic exploitation
- Frequently practiced by Britain, France, Portugal, and Spain
- Colonization of Africa brought guns, different languages such as Dutch or Afrikaans, English, Arabic, and Christianity/Islam
- Methods of colonization include:
- Indirect: Britain (Nigeria)
- Direct: France, Portugal, Germany
- Company Rule: Belgium in the Congo
- Indirect Company Rule: Cecil Rhodes, British South Africa Company
4
Q
“The White Man’s Burden”
A
- This racist ass theory where white people felt it was their duty to impose their civilization, cultural, and religious customs on black Africans and inhabitants of their colonies.
- to civilize and uplift
5
Q
Battle of Omdurman
A
- 1898
- British trying to colonize Sudan
- British trying to conquer Egypt and the Nile
- Kitchener was seeking revenge for the 1885 death of General Gordon.
- British used modern weapons
- Small, but well-armed Anglo-Egyptian army confronted Sudan army of 40,000
- 40 Anglo-Egyptian soldiers died
- 11,000 Sudanese died
6
Q
Berlin Conference
A
-1884-85
-Partitioning of Africa
-Phase one: Boundaries
Phase Two: Pacification
-Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany’s sudden emergence as an imperial power.
7
Q
The Great Transformation
A
- Europeans conquered Africa due to technological advancements such as medicine and guns.
- Political domination lasted 80 years
- Negative consequences are debatable profound
- @ best- partial domination
- Caused bad political map
- Between 1850-1900
- Britain began to control India and parts of China
- Conquered Africa because they were the only ones who had the technology to.
- Access to tools and weapon industry
8
Q
Non-settler state
A
- Indirect rule
- Resource colonies
- Tended to have easier transitions to independence but then troubles (Niger and Congo)
- Here, few Europeans, if any, came to live among the Africans. Some Europeans believed that the climate (weather) was unhealthy. Others were unable to settle because Africans fought them away.
9
Q
Settler-State
A
- More difficult transitions to independence?
- We re not sure yet of the outcomes, especially in the case of South Africa
- Settler colonialism is a distinct type of colonialism that functions through the replacement of indigenous populations with an invasive settler society that, over time, develops a distinctive identity and sovereignty.
10
Q
King Leopold-1879
A
- International outrage forces King Leopold to hand over colony to the Belgian government.
- king of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909
- led the first European efforts to develop the Congo River basin, making possible the formation in 1885 of the Congo Free State
- played a significant role in the development of the modern Belgian state, he was also responsible for widespread atrocities committed under his rule against his colonial subjects.
11
Q
Joseph Mobutu- 1930-1997
A
- Becomes Mobutu Sese Seko “The All Powerful”
- Twisted- sociopath
- No personal integrity
- Put name on currency
- Established his own public philosophy
- No opposition of government allowed
- Exploited state resources to become wealthiest African, with net worth of % billion USD
- Lavish, authoritarian life
- Educated in missionary schools
- Mobutu moved to Africanize names, Zaire
- per capita income declined by 80%
- Removed by coup
12
Q
David Livingston
A
- a fervent antislavery advocate
- clashing with the Boers and the Portuguese, whose treatment of the Africans he came to detest; and building for himself a remarkable reputation as a dedicated Christian, a courageous explorer
- By the summer of 1842, he had already gone farther north than any other European into the difficult Kalahari country and had familiarized himself with the local languages and cultures.
13
Q
Menelik II
A
- Menelik II was born on August 17, 1844 in Ankober, Shewa, Ethiopia. He was king of Shewa and emperor of Ethiopia (1889–1913)
- Menelik took important steps to strengthen and modernize his domain.
- attempted to end the slave trade
- curbed the feudal nobility.
- His conquests doubled the size of the country and brought the present S Ethiopia (largely Muslim in population) into the realm.
- established independence from Italy and expanded Ethiopia’s borders through military conquests.
14
Q
Battle of Adwa
A
- 2 March 1896
- 1989 according to Ethiopian calendar
- This climactic battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War, was a decisive defeat for Italy and secured Ethiopian sovereignty.
- Italy sought to improve its position in Africa by conquering Ethiopia and joining it with its two territories.
- Menelik II as the contemporary Ethiopian leader pitted Italy against its European rivals while stockpiling weapons to defend Ethiopia against the Italians.
15
Q
Haile Selassie
A
- Ethiopian emperor
- Fled to exile
- 1930 to 1974.
- he was a member of the Solomonic Dynasty.
- At the League of Nations in 1936, the emperor condemned the use of chemical weapons by Italy against his people during the Second Italo–Ethiopian War.
- His internationalist views led to Ethiopia becoming a charter member of the United Nations,
- His suppression of rebellions among the landed aristocracy (the mesafint), which consistently opposed his reforms, as well as what some critics perceived to be Ethiopia’s failure to modernize rapidly enough, earned him criticism among some contemporaries and historians.
16
Q
Pan African Movement
A
- worldwide intellectual movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all people of African descent.
- Based upon a common fate going back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement extends beyond continental Africans, with a substantial support base among the African diaspora in the Caribbean, Latin America and the United States.
- It is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to “unify and uplift” people of African descent.
- The ideology asserts that the fate of all African peoples and countries are intertwined.
17
Q
Human Development Index
A
- a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living.
- It is a standard means of measuring well-being.
- It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, developing, or underdeveloped country, and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life
- 5 states have high development
- 10 states have medium development
- Most states have low development
- however majority are increasing
18
Q
Millennium Development Goals
A
- Africa is facing big challenges in achieving the world’s anti-poverty Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
- Africa’s slow progress on social indicators can be linked to policymakers’ inability to solve the continent’s food insecurity problem
- Africa has seen an acceleration in economic growth, established ambitious social safety nets and designed policies for boosting education and tackling HIV and other diseases. It has also introduced women’s quotas in parliament, leading the way internationally on gender equality, and increased gender parity in primary schools.
19
Q
W.E.D Du Bois
A
February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts,
-Du Bois was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
20
Q
Hendrick Verwoerd-
A
- Racist
- Declassified africans by ethnicty and created a white and black system that favored whites
- caused racism and division
- sociologist
- politician who served as Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 until his assassination in 1966
- engineering and implementing the racial policies of apartheid, the system of legal racial classification and forced racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Verwoerd played an instrumental role in helping the far right National Party (South Africa) come to power in 1948 serving as their propagandist and political strategist.
21
Q
African Union
A
- is a continental union consisting of all 55 countries on the African continent, extending slightly into Asia via the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.
- To promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance.
- To promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies
- To encourage international cooperation, taking due account of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
History of Africa
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