Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
tissues are groups of cells of common ____ origin
A
embryonic
2
Q
four basic tissues
A
(ECMN) Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous
3
Q
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
A
Epithelial – covering and lining; glands
Connective – connect, support, filling spaces
Muscle – generate forces that provide for movement Nervous – cell-to-cell communication
4
Q
Tissues are formed by grouping cells together using a variety of
A
Intercellular Junctions
5
Q
Intracellular Junctions connect adjacent cells ____ at the cell membranes or through _____ elements
within and between cells.
A
mechanically
cytoskeletal
6
Q
What is the leakproof seal junction? ex’s
A
Tight Junctions; stomach and bladder
7
Q
_____ make an adhesion belt (like the belt on your pants) that keeps tissues from separating as they stretch and contract.
A
Adherens Junctions
8
Q
_______ attach to the plaque, partially cross the intercellular space, and connect to cadherins from an adjacent cells
A
Cadherin (transmembrane proteins)
9
Q
plaque (from adhesion belt junction) attaches to ____, but also has ____ connecting it to ____ from adjacent cells
A
microfilaments (actin); cadherin (transmembrane glycoprotein)
10
Q
Desmosomes are similar to an adherens
junction, in that desmosomes have plaque
and cadherins, BUT plaque attaches to
A
intermediate filaments
11
Q
Has transmembrane glycoproteins called integrins (instead of cadherins)?
A
Hemidesmosomes
12
Q
Gap junctions are made up of Connexons composed of connexins which allow continuity of the _____
A
cytosol
13
Q
connexons (connexins)
A
gap junction
14
Q
_____ tissues cover body surfaces
and form glands and line hollow organs,
body cavities, and ducts.
A
Epithelial
15
Q
________ protect, support, and bind organs.
– Fat is a type of C.T. that stores energy.
– Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all C.T.
A
Connective tissues (C.T.)
16
Q
_____ is used to line surfaces and form
protective barriers. Epithelium is also good
at secreting things like mucous, hormones,
and other substances . All epithelia have a
free apical surface and an attached
basal surface.
A
Epithelium
17
Q
two surfaces of epithelia
A
free apical
attached basal
18
Q
CT secretes
A
reticular lamina
19
Q
Basal layer of epithelium secretes
A
basil lamina
20
Q
basil + reticular
A
= basement membrane
21
Q
FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
A
Filtration Secretion Excretion Absorption Protection
22
Q
Flat, wide “paving stone”
A
squamous
23
Q
cells as tall as they are wide
A
cuboidal
24
Q
Cells taller than they are cells
wide
A
columnar
25
One layer. All cells in contact with basement membrane
simple
26
simple squamous examples
air sacs/lungs
lining of blood vessels
capillaries
major part of serous membrane
27
simple cuboidal ex's
tubules of the kidneys and many other glands
28
simple columnar examples
GI Tract with or without the following:
| +/- cilia, +/- microvilli, +/- mucous (goblet cells)
29
name of cells comes from the shape of the cells at ____
the free surface
30
kertininized =
no nucleus
31
nonkeratinized =
nucleus present
32
is a specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smallest capillary – it is extremely important in reducing turbulence of flow of blood.
Endothelium
33
found in serous membranes I.e. pericardium, pleura, peritoneum
mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
34
endocrine secrete to
Extracellular space
35
exocrine secrete to ______; typically are
secrete to surface or lumen;
multicellular (except goblet cells are unicellular)
36
Three types of exocrine glands
merocrine
apocrine
holocrine
37
Most common manner of secretion?
| No part is damaged in exocytosis
merocrine secretion; common in salivary gland
think Golgi complex making secretory vesicles
38
Steps in formation of secretory product
1. DNA instructions transcribed to mRNA in nucleus
2. synthesized in rough ER
3. packaged in Golgi complex
4. formed into secretory vesicle
5. Released by exocytosis
39
“Bud” their secretions off through the plasma membrane (membrane-bound vesicles) and breaks off by “decapitation”
example?
Apocrine glands; milk from mammory gland
40
are produced by rupture of
the plasma membrane, releasing the entire
cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell
holocrine secretions I.e. sebaceous glands
41
Four basic types of tissue (CEMN)
connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
42
connective tissue consists of.....
cells
| extracellular matrix
43
Characteristics of connective tissue
Few cells
Abundant; ubiquitous; varied
Mainly extracellular matrix
Highly vascular (in general; cartilage is avascular, and tendons have sparse blood supply)
Does not usually occur on body surfaces
Is supplied with nerves (as is epithelial tissue)
44
Epithelium vs CT
Epithelium CT
cells lots few
ground sub few lots
fibers few lots
arteries none lots
45
Connective tissue cells arise from?
mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
46
Progression cell types?
-immature cells end in -blast, and are derived from mesenchyme
mature cells, or differentiated cells, end in -cyte, derived from blast cells
47
mitotically competent, secrete the matrix
blast
48
Mature cells have reduced capacity for cell division and matrix formation, and are generally involved with maintaining the matrix
– Chondroblasts become chondrocytes
| – Osteoblasts become osteocytes
49
connective tissue cells move between?
- compartments (mobile) I.e. WBCs
- throughout connective tissue I.e. fibroblasts, macrophages
- immobile or fixed (fixed macrophages in lungs or spleen or osteocytes and chondrocytes)
50
most common cell of connective tissue in general?
fibroblast: large, flat, migrate to secrete and maintain the matrix
51
matrix fibers
collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers
52
which cell type has filopodia (actin) and is irregularly shaped
macrophages
53
two types of macrophages
```
fixed macrophages
wandering macrophages (monocytes in blood)
```
54
macrophage functions
phagocytose debris, foreign substances (assist mast), respond to leukocytes
55
form B lymphocytes, secrete antibody, reside in connective tissue, especially GI and respiratory tracts
***accumulate in infected connective tissue
plasma cells
56
abundant alongside blood vessels of connective tissue and can be phagocytic
mast cells
57
The “primary mediators” I.e. what is stored in the granules in mast cells:
```
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. / 6.
```
- Heparin
- Histamines
- Proteases
- Aryl sulfatases
- ECF and NCF (Eosinophil and Neutrophil chemotactic factors)
58
```
What are the “secondary mediators” which can be synthesized ‘on the spot’ and used immediately?
1.
2.
3.
4.
```
– Leukotrienes
– Thromboxanes
– Prostaglandins
– Cytokines
Synthesized on the spot
59
signet ring-shaped cells (vacuoles of fat) / filler
adipose cells
60
Not found in substantial numbers in normal connective tissue
LEUKOCYTES
61
Composition and function of matrix of connective tissue?
Composition
– Protein fibers
– Ground substance, which may be fluid, semifluid,
gelatinous, or calcified
Function
– Occupies the spaces between cells and fibers – Provides structural support and integrity for the
connective tissue
62
Composed of water and an assortment of large molecules that are typically combinations of polysaccharides and proteins
GROUND SUBSTANCE
63
Polysaccharides in the ground substance
Collectively referred to as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Highly negatively charged, very hydrophilic
```
– Hyaluronic acid
Following are Associated with proteins called proteoglycans
– Chondroitin sulfate
– Dermatan sulfate
– Keratan sulfate
```
64
Proteins
Formerly called mucopolysaccharides
Form the core protein of a complex resembling a test-tube brush, with the GAGs projecting from the core
(Proteoglycan aggregate)
(Proteoglycan aggregate)
Hyaluronic Acid core with linker proteins connecting the
core protein with unbranched glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Look at slide 64 nerd
65
Viscous, slippery substance that binds cells
| together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs (vitreous body)
Hyaluronic acid
66
____ is an enzyme that degrades
| hyaluronic acid, causing connective tissue ground substance to become more liquid.
Hyaluronidase
67
• White blood cells--helps them move more easily
through connective tissue to reach sites of infection
• Sperm cells--aids penetration of an oocyte by a
sperm cell during fertilization
• Bacteria--helps them spread through connective
tissue
Hyaluronidase (helps WBC's, sperm cells, and Bacteria)
68
_____ provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels
Chondroitin sulfate
69
_____ is found in skin, tendons, blood vessels and heart valves
Dermatan sulfate
70
____ is in bone, cartilage and the cornea of the eye
Keratan sulfate
71
____is the main adhesion protein of connective tissue
Fibronectin
72
three types of connective tissue fibers
collagen
Elastic
reticular
73
Most abundant protein in the body?
“Bundle of rope”
collagen
74
small branching fibers and forms network within tissues
elastic fibers
75
constitution of elastic fibers
Constitution:
– Elastin (protein)
– Fibrillin (glycoprotein)
– Fibrillin surrounds the elastin
76
Locations of elastic fibers
skin, walls of blood vessels, lung tissue
77
distensible, stretched up to 150%
elastic fibers
78
Fine bundles of collagen coated with glycoprotein
Fibers are much thinner than collagen fibers, and form a branching network
Provide support and strength (as does collagen)
RETICULAR FIBERS
79
Locations
– Blood vessels tissues: areolar connective, adipose, smooth muscle
– Reticular connective tissue, forming the stroma AKA reticulum (supporting framework) of soft organs such
as spleen and lymph nodes
– Component of basement membrane
RETICULAR FIBERS
80
Embryonic connective tissue
- mesenchyme
| - mucous connective tissue
81
mature connective tissue types
Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Liquid
82
mature connective tissues examples
Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Liquid
Loose
- Aerolar
- Adipose
- Reticular
Dense
- Regular
- irregular
- elastic connective
Cartilage
- hyaline
- fibro
- elastic
Bone
Liquid
- blood
- lymph
83
three types of loose connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
• Areolar connective tissue
• Adipose tissue
• Reticular connective tissue
84
three types of dense connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
• Dense regular CT
• Dense irregular CT
• Elastic connective tissue
85
three types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
86
Present primarily in the embryo and in the fetus.
Only two types:
– Mesenchyme
– Mucous connective tissue
embryonic connective tissue
87
§ Composed of irregularly shaped cells, a
semifluid ground substance, and reticular
fibers § Pleuripotent cells--all other connective
tissues eventually arise from mesenchyme § Located along developing bones of the
embryo and under the skin
mesenchyme
88
pleuripotent
all other connective tissues eventually arise from mesenchyme
89
whartons jelly
variant of mesenchyme
umbilical cord of fetus
high turgor resists compression
MUCOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
90
Types of loose connective tissue
– Areolar connective tissue
– Adipose tissue
– Reticular connective tissue
91
Loc's of loose connective tissue
```
– Deep to skin
– Deep to mesothelial lining of the internal body
cavities
– Around blood vessels (adventitia)
– Surrounds glandular parenchyma
```
92
Loose connective tissue attributes
abundance of ground substance and ECF
93
Loose connective tissue cell types
Cells
- Fibroblasts
- Fat cells
- Macrophages
- mast cells
- undifferentiated cell
94
Loose connective tissue fibers
- loosely woven collagen
- lacey reticular
- loosely scattered elastic
95
widely distributed (one of)
contains usuals: fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, white blood cells
arranged randomly
w/ adipose tissue, it forms the subcutaneous layer, attaching the skin to underlying tissues
areolar ct
96
Loose connective tissue, well vascularized
found wherever areolar connective tissue is located
ADIPOSE CT
97
Adipocytes are derived from _____, and are
specialized for storage of triglycerides (fats)
Adipose tissue is a good ____, and reduces
heat loss
Adipose tissue is a major ___ ____, as
well as protecting various organs
fibroblasts
insulator
energy reserve
protector
98
Consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers
and reticular cells
Forms the stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes
In the spleen, reticular fibers remove worn out red blood cells
In the lymph nodes, reticular fibers filter lymph and remove bacteria
reticular CT
99
reticular CT located here:
```
– Lymph nodes
– Spleen
– Liver sinusoids
– Bone marrow
– Smooth muscle
– Some fat tissue
– Islets of Langerhans
```
100
DENSE CT
General locations in the body
– Parts subject to tensive forces
– Parts requiring flexibility and strength
Overall feature: more ___ than cells
Types
– Dense regular connective tissue (DRCT)
– Dense irregular connective tissue (DICT)
– Elastic connective tissue
fibers
101
types of dense CT
– Dense regular connective tissue (DRCT)
– Dense irregular connective tissue (DICT)
– Elastic connective tissue
102
Bundles of collagen fibers regularly
arranged in parallel patterns, providing
tensile strength along the axis of the fibers
Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground
substance, and are in rows between the
fibers
Examples: tendons, aponeuroses, and
most ligaments
DENSE REGULAR CT
103
Lots Collagen fibers , no symmetry
Needed where pulling forces are exerted in various
directions
Locations:
– Dermis of skin Periosteum – Pericardium Sheath of nerves – Heart valves Kidney – Perichondrium Lymph nodes
DENSE IRREGULAR CT
104
Locations of Dense irregular CT
```
– Dermis of skin
-Periosteum
– Pericardium
-Sheath of nerves
– Heart valves
-Kidney
– Perichondrium
-Lymph nodes
```
105
branching elastic fibers
Fibroblasts present in spaces between the
fibers
Unstained tissue has a yellowish color due to the high numbers of elastic fibers
Has property of elasticity
ELASTIC CT
106
FOUR BASIC TYPES OF TISSUE
Connective - connect, support, filling
Epithelial – covering and lining; glands
Muscle – generate forces that provide for movement
Nervous – cell-to-cell communication
107
An epithelial tissue layer plus an underlying connective tissue layer comprise an epithelial membrane, the major types being
mucous
serous
cutaneous (the skin)
108
membranes are....
flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line
109
junctions in mucous membranes
tight
110
Line a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior: digestive tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tracts, much of the urinary tract
Mucous membranes
111
consist of a lining of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue called the lamina propria
Mucous membranes (mucosae)
112
consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
Serous membranes
113
does not have an epithelial layer
synovial membrane
114
The replacement of a diseased or injured tissue or organ with cells or tissues from an animal. Porcine (pig) and bovine (cattle) heart valves are used for some heart valve replacement surgeries.
Xenotransplantation: (xeno = strange).
115
cadherin is
transmembrane glycoprotein
116
similar to adherens junction in that they have plaque and cadherins, but instead attach to intermediate filaments
desmosomes
117
similar to desmosomes in that they have plaque and cadherins, but instead attach to microfilaments
adherens junction
118
intermediate filament =
keratin
119
two types of anchors that have keratin
hemidesmosome and desmosomes
120
integrin
hemidesmosome
121
desmosome cadherin or integrin?
cadherin
122
apocrine
think apop-ocrine and head pops off "decapitation"
123
holocrine
think whole-ocrine and whole or entire cell dies
124
connective tissue USUALLY does not
occur on body surfaces
125
which cell is mitotically competent?
Blast cells (secrete the matrix)
126
mitotically competent yet immature because they are always trying to have a ______
blast
127
mature cells like to "cyte" their references
sweet job nerd
128
secrete antibody and reside in GI and respiratory tracts (connective tissue)
plasma cells
129
granules in mast cells
"HHEAP"
of inflammation
```
Heparin
Histamines
Proteases
Aryle sulfatases
ECF and NCF (Eosinophil and Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor)
```
130
micro-foolish-men always actin a fool
microfilament = actin
131
elastic fiber constitution
elastin (protein)
fibrillin (glycoprotein)
fibrillin surrounds the elastin
132
reticular fibers found where:
spleen and lymph nodes
133
stroma (scaffolding)
reticulum (supporting framework) of soft organs such as spleen and lymph nodes
134
loose connective tissue (AAR)
Aerolar
Adipose
Reticular
135
Dense connective tissue
Regular
Irregular
Elastic
136
for types of fibers think....
collagen vs elastic
137
mucosae (mucosal membrane) found here in GI
small intestine (inner lining)
138
stratified cuboidal
ducts of sweat glands and esophageal glands
