Token Economy

Question 1

Background of Token Economy

Answer 1

• Ayllon & Azrin, 1968 - System used for many psychological conditions, effective for SZ
• Form of behavioural therapy used in management of SZ to shape & manage behaviour - long-stay patients easier to manage
• Based on behaviourist/learning theory
• Patients associate positive behaviours with positive outcomes
• This would lead to behavioural changes

Question 2

Aims

Answer 2

• Desireable behaviours encouraged through selective reinforcement
• Rewards (tokens) given immediately as secondary reinforcers when desireable behaviours are done
• Tokens have no value in themselves - accumulated and swapped for more tangible rewards (primary reinforcers) - encourages desireable behaviours to be repeated as they are associated with privileges
• Modifying behaviours won’t cure SZ, but can improve quality of life

Question 3

Process of Treatment

Answer 3

1. Tokens paired with rewarding stimuli - become secondary reinforcers
2. Patient engages in ‘target’ behaviours or reduces inappropriate ones
3. Patient is given tokens for engaging in these target behaviours
4. Patient trades these tokens for access to desireable items or other privileges

Question 4

Supporting Research - Sran & Borrero (2010)

Answer 4

The more variety of rewards available, the better the reinforcer work

Question 5

Supporting Research - Kazdin, 1997

Answer 5

• The quicker they’re exchanged, the more effective it is
• Modern version uses technology, so reinforcement can occur almost immediately