Top 100 Quiz 3, 4, & 5 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Determinism
the belief that all behavior is caused by prior events, individuals have no free will or choice in their actions
stability/change
debate over whether traits and temperament stay the same or change over time
electroencephalograph
a recording of the brain’s electrical activity using electrodes placed on the scalp
empiricism
the belief that all knowledge comes from sensory experiences and observations
etiology
the study of the causes and origins of psychological disorders and other conditions
extinction
the disappearance or weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
forgetting curve
a graphical representation that illustrates how much information is typically forgotten over time as it’s learned
free association
the practice of allowing a patient to freely discuss thoughts, dreams, memories, or words, without censoring them.
free recall
recalling as many pieces of information as possible without any specific cues or prompts
Gestalt Principles of Organization
Rules explaining how we perceive objects as whole forms (proximity, similarity, continuity, closure)
Gestalt Psychology
A psychological approach emphasizing that we perceive whole patterns, not just individual parts
Hypothesis testing
A scientific method to test predictions by comparing data against a null hypothesis
Id
According to Freud, the part of the personality driven by basic instincts and desires, pleasure principle
Independent variable
Variable manipulated by the experimenter to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
Infant-Mother attachment
Emotional bond between an infant & caregiver, critical for social/emotional development
Secure attachment
A healthy attachment style where the child feels safe and comforted by the caregiver’s presence.
Insecure attachment
Attachment styles (avoidant, resistant, disorganized) that result from inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving
Information-processing approach
A cognitive approach likening the mind to a computer: input, process, store, and retrieve information
Instrumental behavior
behavior performed to achieve a specific goal or obtain a reward
Intelligence
the capacity for learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and adapting to new situations
IQ (intelligence Quotient)
A score derived from standardized tests intended to measure human intelligence
Introversion-Extraversion
A personality dimension describing whether one is more inward-focused or outward-focused
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
The smallest difference in stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time
Law of Effect
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable outcomes are more likely to be repeated
