Topic 1 - 1 - Skilled Performance & Skill Acquisition Flashcards
Skills & Abilities
Definition of a skill?
learned abilities that athletes perform effectively and efficiently, that are acquired through training and practise
How do you identify a skilled performance/performer?
acurate
consistent
efficient
fluent
aesthetically pleasing
controlled
economical
Explain ACEFACE.
Acurate: high success rate
Consistent: reproduce skill in many situations at high standard
Efficient: minimal energy used
Fluent: makes it look easy with effortless movements
Aesthetically Pleasing: pleasing to the eye, looks good when doing the skill
Controlled: well managed, athlete never looks out of control
Economical: level is high with minimal energy used
What 4 things does an athlete need to produce a skilled performance?
Kinaesthetic Sense
Anticipation (‘reading’ the game)
Consistency
Technique
Explain Open vs Closed skills.
OPEN: Affected by the environment, usually externally-paced. Eg: pass in ultimate frisbee, player cannot control the wind taking the frisbee.
CLOSED: Not affected by the environment, usually self-paced. Eg: bowling a bowling ball.
Explain Self-paced skills vs Externally-paced skills.
Self-Paced: Controlled by the performer. Performer decided when to execute the skill. Eg: javelin.
Externally-Paced: Controlled by the environment. Include decisions and reactions. Eg: In GAA, forward must make a decision of what to do when the back closes in.
Explain Gross skills vs Fine skills.
Gross Skills: Large muscle movements, not very precise, include fundamental movements (run/walk/jump). Eg: burpees.
Fine Skills: Small muscle groups with precise movements, sometimes involving key hand-eye coordination. Eg: snooker.
Difference between Skill and Ability?
Skills - learned
Abilities - inherited
Describe the 4 general types of skills in sport.
Perceptual: Involving processing information like the environment around the athlete - awareness of an opponent/ball flight/distance to the goal will allow a footballer make a decision.
Cognitive: Involves understanding the vital components of sport. Eg: Final 1/4 in basketball, players think of time left, the score, the game plan etc.
Motor: Involves movement
Psychomotor: Combined of previous elements. Eg: baseball players will use their senses.
What are the 3 stages of learning a new skill? Describe each one.
Cognitive: Require step-by-step instructions, perform slowly, lot’s of errors at first.
Associative: Developed after practise and feedback. Reduction in errors and implement intrinsic feedback (from self).
Autonomous: After years of practise, high level and perform automatically.
Name and describe the 2 main types of feedback.
Intrinsic: Gathered from senses, such as muscles/joints/balance, as well as sight/hearing. Eg: how a golfer ‘feels’ after a shot based off the strike and feel of club.
Extrinsic: Gathered from the knowledge of performance or results, such as from a coach/video/player. Verbally and visually.
Differentiate between Knowledge of results & Knowledge of performance.
KOR: How after a skill you realise if you are succesful or not, from a teacher/coach or yourself. Eg: score recorded after a golf round.
KOP: From coaches feedback on the quality of the movement/performance. Eg: “Nice swing, well done!”
When should positive vs negative feedback be used?
Positive: encourage, for cognitive learners.
Negative: for the skilled individuals
Name and describe the 2 other types of feedback.
Continuous: Feedback given during the skill/performance, to a team or individual to allow adjustments needed.
Terminal: Received after the skill/performance. ‘2 stars + a wish’.
Name and describe the 4 types of practise.
Massed: Usually long and steady with no breaks on same skill. Stimulates match conditions (fatigue). Eg: basketball free throws continuously.
Distributed: Learning is broken up into small parts followed by rest times. Eg: golfer hitting a few shots, then feedback (rest).
Fixed: Specific movement pattern repeated in same environment. Allows movements be learned. Eg: shot put thrower doing many throws in a row.
Variable: Skills in many different environments, letting athlete make choices depending on situations. Eg: hockey coach wants to do shooting, start with shots on keeper then onto 2v1.
Name and describe the 4 methods of practise.
Whole Practise: Do skill entirely (start to finish). Get feel for the skill and develop timings. Used for skills that can be then broken down. Eg: snowboarder.
Part Practise: Do part of a skill isolated. Eg: tennis player working on their ball toss for their serve.
Whole-Part-Whole: Firstly doing the skill in full, then work specifically in isolation, then return to whole again. Eg: 20 shots on driving range, then takeaway only, then 20 more.
Mental Rehearsal: Picture crowd noise etc. Eg: Jack Nicklaus (golfer) said “I never hit a shot even in practise, without having a sharp in-focus picture of it in my head”.
Discuss the principles of effective practise (making a programme)
(VPSMARTER)
Varied: Vary methods to keep up motivation.
Progressive: Continually challenging and builds as the training goes on, getting harder.
Specific: Specific to athletes ability and experience.
Measurable: Should be able to track and see progress, set targets throughout.
Achievable: Needs to be achievable for the athlete’s level.
Realistic: Is it possible?
Timed: Length of sessions and time training weekly.
Exciting: Balance of fun with making improvements is important.
Recorded: Log trainings weekly, track info.
Definition of a drill?
a repetitive training practise that may/may not use equipment
Definition of a conditioned or modified game?
a game where rules are altered to encourage certain behaviours
Definitioin of a pressurised situation?
in a match/training is when a scenario occurs and the athlete must make a decision
