TOPIC 10 - LYMPHOID SYSTEM Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
What is the main purpose of lymphoid system?
A
Detect and inactivate foreign substances
2
Q
Lymph also brings nutrients from blood vessels to cells and picks up waste products. True or False?
A
True
3
Q
It is formed when interstitial fluid seeps into lymphatic vessels.
A
Lymph/Lymphatic fluid
3
Q
Lymphatic fluid contains?
A
Lymphocytes, proteins, sometimes bacteria or metastatic tumor cells
4
Q
Usually, lymph is clear. What about the consistence and composition of lymph draining the gut?
A
Milky and contains a lot of triglycerides
5
Q
Lymph draining the gut is also called as?
A
Chyle
6
Q
Lymphatic vessels eventually merge together and empty into the blood circulation via the ____ ____ and ____ ____ ____.
A
thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct
7
Q
The stroma of all lymphoid organs except the ____ is composed of reticulin fibers.
A
Thymus
8
Q
The stroma of thymus is composed of cell processes of ____ ____ ____.
A
Epithelial reticular cells
9
Q
Reticular fibers are stainable with silver stains. With that, they are called ?
A
Argyrophilic
10
Q
What are the cells of the lymphoid system?
A
- B-lymphocytes
- T-lymphocytes
- Natural killer cells
11
Q
Some of the lymphocytes have surface receptors that recognize infected cells. True or False?
A
False, all of the lymphocytes.
12
Q
All types of cells of the lymphoid system are distinguishable under a microscope. True or False?
A
False
13
Q
This technique is used to looked for markers on the surface of the cells.
A
Flow cytometry
14
Q
Sometimes, T cells and NK cells are smaller and have larger granules in their cytoplasm. True or False?
A
False, they are smaller and have little granules.
15
Q
What are the antigen-presenting cells of the lymphoid system?
A
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells - accessory cells
16
Q
What are the blood cells associated with the lymphoid system?
A
- Mast cells
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
17
Q
This type of immunity involves B cells turning into plasma cells, which make antibodies.
A
Humoral immunity
18
Q
This type of immunity involves T cells turning into cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells.
A
Cellular immunity
19
Q
What are the two primary (central) lymphoid orrgans?
A
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
20
Q
All lymphocytes arise in the bone marrow. True or False?
A
True
21
Q
T-cells mature in?
A
Thymus
22
Q
When B-lymphocytes and natural killer cells leave the bone marrow, they populate in ____ ____ ____ and recirculate through ____, ____, and ____ ____.
A
secondary lymphoid organs, blood, epithelia, connective tissue
23
Q
When T-cells finish maturing in the thymus and leave, they are now called as?
A
CD4+ and CD8+ cells
24
What are the T-lymphocytes precursor cells?
CD4 - and CD8 - T lymphocyte precursor
25
Thymus is located in the ?
Mediastinum
26
What are the three parts of thymus?
1. Lobes
2. Capsule
3. Septa
27
What are the 2 regions of lobules of thymus?
1. Cortex
2. Medulla
28
CORTEX:LIGHTER::MEDULLA:DARKER
True or False?
False
29
T cells in the cortex are matured whereas in the medulla, they undergo various stages of differentiation. True or False?
False, other way around.
30
What are the cells of the thymus?
1. T-lymphocytes
2. Thymic epithelial reticular cells
31
Thymic epithelial reticular cells are only present in the cortex. True or False?
False, cortex and medulla
32
Thymic epithelial reticular cells have scarce cytoplasm. True or False?
False, abundant cytoplasm.
33
Thymic epithelial reticular cells are have large lightly-staining nuclei and long cytoplasmic processes attached to processes of adjacent cells by ____.
Desmosomes
34
T-cell precursors from the bone marrow enter the thymus in what region?
Subscapular region
35
Between inner/deeper and outer cortex of the thymus, where do T-cells undergo active proliferation?
Outer cortex
36
Between inner/deeper and outer cortex of the thymus, where do T-cells undergo selection?
Inner/deeper outer cortex
37
Many T cells are produced 97% die. True or False?
True
38
Hassll's corpuscles are located at cortex or medulla of the thymus?
Medulla
39
What is the function of Hassll's corpuscles?
Unknown
40
Hassll's corpuscles are made up of?
Degenerating epithelial reticular cells and keratin filaments
41
Arterioles and capillaries in thymic cortex are surrounded by ____ ____ ____ with tight junctions, forming a ____-____ ____ which excludes most circulating antigens.
epithelial reticular cells, blood-thymus barrier
42
Thymus has afferent lymphatics. True or False?
False
43
Thymus does not filter lymph like a lymph node does. True or False?
True
44
The thymus is well-developed after birth. True or False?
False, before birth.
45
The thymus is heaviest at what stage of development?
Puberty
46
In old age, is the thymus still capable of producing lymphocyte?
Yes
47
In old age, the thymus is composed mainly of ____ ____ and ____.
connective tissue, fat
48
After puberty, the thymus involutes but never completely disappears. True or False?
True
49
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
1. Lymph nodes
2. Spleen
3. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
50
Lymphoid cells is incapable of undergoing further maturation in secondary lymphoid organs. True or False?
False, capable.
51
What are the two main purposes of secondary lymphoid organs?
1. Trap antigens
2. Present antigens to circulating lymphocytes
52
What are the parts of lymph node?
1. Outer cortex
2. Paracortex
3. Medulla
53
The outer cortex of lymph node contains?
Lymphoid follicles (composed of B-cells)
54
The paracortex or inner cortex of lymph node contains ?
T cells and high endothelial venules
55
The medulla of the lymph node contains?
Cords and sinuses
56
The medulla cords of lymph node are composed of?
B cells and macrophages
57
The medulla sinuses of lymph nodes are composed of ?
Reticular fibers, lymph, circulating cells, and antigens
58
The primary unstimulated follicles in the outer cortex of lymph node is composed of small, dark, and mature lymphocytes. True or False?
True
59
The secondary follicles in the outer cortex of the lymph nodes is unstimulated. True or False?
False, stimulated
60
The secondary follicle in the outer cortex of the lymph node is composed of ?
Germinal center and mantle zone
61
Between the germinal center and mantle zone of secondary follicle of the lymph node, which is lighter-staining?
Germinal center
62
Between the germinal center and mantle zone of secondary follicle of the lymph node, which is contains larger lymphocytes?
Germinal center
63
Between the germinal center and mantle zone of secondary follicle of the lymph node, which is contains small and dark lymphocytes?
Mantle zone
64
In the lymph node, B cells are located at the follicles. What about T-cells?
Interfollicular areas
65
The capsule and trabeculae of lymph node is consist of what connective tissue?
Dense irregular connective tissue
66
The fine stroma of lymph node is consists of what connective tissue?
Reticular connective tissue (fibroblasts and reticular fibers)
67
In lymph nodes, these carry lymph from sites of infection back to the lymph nodes.
Afferent lymphatic vessels
68
Afferent lymphatic vessels of lymph node penetrate the ____ of the lymph node on the ____ side.
capsule, convex
69
In lymph nodes, these carry lymph from the lymph node and return them it to the blood.
Efferent lymphatic vessels
70
The lymph carried by afferent lymphatic vessels is composed of ?
Antigen and cells
71
The lymph carried by efferent lymphatic vessels has ?
Lymphocytes
72
This is the depression in the concave surface of the of the lymph node.
Hilum
73
What structures enter at the hilum of the lymph node?
Arteries and nerves
74
What structures leave at the the hilum of the lymph node?
Veins and efferent lymphatics
75
How does lymph flow through the node?
Afferent lymphatic vessel - Subscapular sinus - Intermediate sinus - Medullary sinus - Efferent Lymphatics - Larger lymphatics - Blood
76
This allows the lymphocytes in blood vessels to adhere to endothelial cells and migrate across the vessel wall to the lymphoid tissue.
High-endothelial venules
77
In lymph nodes, lymphocytes move from blood circulation to lymphatic circulation via ____ ____ ____.
High-endothelial venules
78
How do lymphocytes get from blood to lymph?
Hilar arteries - Arterioles - Capillaries - High endothelial venules - Lymphatic circulation - Efferent lymph vessels
79
What are the functions of the spleen?
1. Immunologic filtration of blood (trapping of antigens)
2. Activation and proliferation of lymphocytes
3. Removal of old red cells, platelets and debris (by macrophages)
80
The parenchyma of spleen is called as ?
Splenic pulp
81
Splenic pulp is consists of ?
White pulp and red pulp
82
Cortex and medulla are present in spleen. True or False?
False
83
Stroma of spleen is consists of ?
1. Capsule
2. Trabeculae
3. Connective tissue
84
Splenic hilum contains?
Nerves, arteries, and veins
85
White pulp of the spleen is consists of ?
1. Periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS)
2. Splenic follicles (nodules)
86
These are circular collections of T-cells around arterioles of white pulp of the spleen.
Periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS)
87
In spleen, these are the counterpart of secondary follicles in lymph nodes except with one more layer called marginal zone.
Splenic follicles (nodules)
88
Splenic follicles are composed of B-cells or T-cells?
T-cells
89
Splenic follicles usually have ____ at periphery.
Arteriole
90
The red pulp of the spleen is consist of ?
Splenic sinuses and splenic cords
91
Splenic cords are also called as ?
Cords of Billroth
92
Splenic sinuses are leaky vessels lined by ____ ____ ____ and surrounded by rings of ____ ____ like hoops on a barrel.
specialized endothelial cell, reticular fibers
93
In splenic sinuses, healthy red cells along with old or damaged red cells get stuck. True or False?
False, only old/damaged red cells.
94
These are located between splenic sinuses of red pulp.
Splenic cords
95
Splenic cords contain?
1. Red cells
2. Granulocytes
3. Lymphocytes
4. Macrophages
5. Platelets
6. Plasma cells
96
The specialized endothelial cells lining the splenic sinuses are also called as ?
Stave cells
97
These are lymphoid tissue in mucosa and submucosa of digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary systems.
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
98
Give three examples of MALT.
1. Tonsils
2. Peyer's patches
3. Oral mucosa
99
Tonsils are aggregates of lymphoid follicles beneath the epithelium of the ____ ____ ____ and ____.
posterior oral cavity, nasopharynx
100
What are the 3 types tonsils?
1. Pharyngeal
2. Palatine
3. Lingual
101
This tonsil is located in midline of nasopharynx.
Pharyngeal
102
What is the surface epithelium of pharyngeal tonsil?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar (sometimes with stratified squamous)
103
Pharyngeal tonsil surface has gentle folds and crypts. True or False?
False, no crypts.
104
There is presence of thin partial capsule along the deep portion of pharyngeal tonsil. True or False?
True
105
How many palatine tonsils are present?
2
106
These are tonsils present in lateral oropharynx.
Palatine tonsils
107
What is the surface epithelium of palatine tonsil?
Stratified squamous
108
Palatine tonsils has presence of crypts. True or False?
True
109
Approximately how many crypts are present in palatine tonsils?
10-20
110
The partial capsule along the deep portion of palatine tonsils is thin. True or Falses?
False, thick
111
Lingual are numerous small tonsils located at the?
Base of the tongue
112
What is the surface epithelium of lingual tonsil?
Stratified squamous
113
Lingual tonsil has presence of crypt. True or False?
True
114
How many crypts are present in lingual tonsil?
One short crypt
115
Capsule is present in lingual tonsil. True or False?
False
116
Among the 3 types of tonsil, which is closely associated with skeletal muscle and mucous salivary glands ?
Lingual tonsil
