TOPIC 11 - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
What is the main job of cardiovascular system?
A
Transport and exchange nutrients, oxygen, body fluids, waste material, heat, and blood cells around the body.
2
Q
Trace the flow of blood in cardiovascular system.
A
Heart - Elastic artery - Muscular artery - Arteriole - Capillaries - Venules - Vein - Heart
3
Q
It is the innermost layer of the vessel wall next to the lumen.
A
Tunica intima
4
Q
The epithelium present in tunica intima is composed of ?
A
Endothelium and subendothelium
5
Q
Tunica intima is surrounded by ?
A
Basal lamina and loose connective tissue
6
Q
Arteries have an ____ ____ ____ that separates the tunica intima from the tunica media.
A
internal elastic lamina
7
Q
The internal elastic lamina is made of what fibers ?
A
Elastin fibers
8
Q
The internal elastic lamina has holes to allow diffusion. True or False?
A
True
9
Q
It is the middle layer of the vessel wall.
A
Tunica media
10
Q
Tunica media is consists of ____ arranged layers of smooth muscle.
A
Concentrically
11
Q
Veins have much thicker tunica media than arteries. True or False?
A
False
12
Q
Why do arteries have much thicker tunica media than veins?
A
Due to more smooth muscle
13
Q
Large arteries typically have an ____ ____ ____ separating tunica media and tunica adventitia.
A
external elastic lamina
14
Q
It is the outermost layer of the vessel wall.
A
Tunica externa
15
Q
What is the other term for tunica externa?
A
Tunica adventitia
16
Q
Tunica externa is composed of what fibers?
A
Collagen and elastic fibers
17
Q
What is the thickest layer in veins?
A
Tunica externa
18
Q
Large veins may have ____ ____ bundles running longitudinally in tunica externa.
A
smooth muscle
19
Q
Give the 3 layers of elastic artery from innermost to outermost.
A
- Tunica intima
- Tunica media
- Tunica externa
20
Q
Give the 5 layers of muscular artery from innermost to outermost.
A
- Tunica intima
- Tunica elastic lamina
- Tunica media
- External elastic lamina
- Tunica externa
21
Q
Give the 3 layers of arteriole.
A
- Tunica intima
- Tunica media
- Tunica externa
22
Q
Give the 3 layers of large vein from innermost to outermost.
A
- Tunica intima
- Tunica media
- Tunica externa
23
Q
Give the 3 layers of medium-sized vein
A
- Tunica intima
- Tunica media
- Tunica externa
24
Q
Between large vein, medium-sized vein, and venule, which has a presence of valves?
A
Medium-sized vein
25
It nourishes the adventitia and outer tunica media.
Vasa vasorum
26
Large arteries and veins have small blood vessels called ____ ____ in the adventitia and outer media.
vasa vasorum
27
Arteries have more vasa vasorum than veins. True or False?
False
28
Why do veins have more vasa vasorum?
Veins have a lower content of O2 and nutrients in blood in the lumen
29
Give the different types of blood vessels.
1. Capillaries
2. Arterioles
3. Venules
4. Arteries
5. Veins
30
Among the types of blood vessels, which has the smallest diameter?
Capillaries
31
What is the diameter of capillaries?
7-9 um
32
Blood vessel that allow exchange of metabolites and waste between blood and surrounding tissue.
Capillaries
33
Capillaries are composed of a single layer of ____ ____ rolled up into a tube.
endothelial cells
34
Endothelial cells of capillaries rest on ?
Basal lamina
35
Endothelial cells of capillaries are connected by junctions of what type?
Zona occludens type
36
Capillaries convert angiotensin I to ?
Angiotensin II
37
Capillaries can inactive things like ?
Prostaglandins and norepinephrine
38
Capillaries produce factors that can cause?
Constriction and relaxation of vessels
39
These are small cells adjacent to capillaries and venules.
Pericytes
40
During injury and repair, ____ can transform into other cells, forming new blood vessels and connective tissue cells.
Pericytes
41
What are the 3 types of capillaries?
1. Continuous capillaries
2. Fenestrated capillaries
3. Sinusoidal capillaries or sinusoids
42
The differences in the three types of capillaries are based on ?
Structure of endothelium and basal lamina
43
What is the most common type of capillary?
Continuous (tight) capillary
44
Where can you find continuous capillaries ?
Muscle, connective tissue, glands and nerve tissue
45
Continuous capillaries have openings. True or False?
False
46
Continuous capillaries have no fenestrae, resulting in ?
Less exchange of substances across capillary wall
47
Some continuous capillaries have numerous ____ ____ in endothelium, which transport substances across endothelial cells.
pinocytotic vesicles
48
This type of capillary is present in organs needing rapid exchange of substances between tissues and blood.
Fenestrated capillaries
49
Give some organs having fenestrated capillaries.
1. Kidney
2. Intestine
3. Endocrine organs
50
These are perforations or openings typically covered by thin diaphragms.
Fenestrations
51
The basal lamina of fenestrated capillaries is discontinuous. True or False?
False, continuous.
52
Substances easily cross the wall of fenestrated capillaries. True or False?
True
53
This type of capillary has very large diameter and twisting course.
Sinusoidal capillaries
54
The twisting course of sinusoidal capillaries has an effect to blood flow. What is the effect?
Blood flow moves slowly
55
What are the organs that have sinusoidal capillaries?
1. Liver
2. Bone marrow
3. Spleen
4. Some endocrine organs
56
Among the 3 types of capillary, which is very leaky ?
Sinusoidal capillaries
57
Substances move freely across capillary wall and into tissues because ? (Hint: 3 answers)
1. There are spaces between endothelial cells.
2. The endothelial cells have large fenestrae without diaphragms.
3. The basal lamina is discontinuous.
58
Is the basal lamina of sinusoidal capillaries continuous or discontinuous?
Discontinuous
59
Is there a presence of diaphragm in the large fenestrae of endothelial cells of sinusoidal capillaries?
None
60
Capillaries branch extensively forming a ____ ____ with a huge surface area.
capillary bed (microvasculature network)
61
Capillary beds are great places to exchange water, ions, and macromolecules between blood and tissue because ?
1. Blood flows slowly
2. Surface area is huge
62
What are the 5 factors with regards to capillary structure that determine what stuffs move across capillary walls?
1. Types of intercellular junctions
2. Presence of spaces between epithelial cells
3. Presence of fenestrations
4. Presence of diaphragms
5. Presence and number of pinocytotic vesicles
63
What are the factors with regards to the molecules that determine what stuffs move across capillary walls ?
1. Size of molecule
2. Charge of molecule
64
Walls of arteries/arterioles are thicker than walls of veins/venules of the same diameter. True or False?
True
65
How to tell the difference between arteries/arterioles and veins/venules?
Wall-to-lumen ration
66
What is the size of wall-to-lumen ratio of arteries/arterioles ?
Larger
67
Larger wall-to-lumen ratio of arteries/arterioles is because of ?
Smooth muscle in the wall
68
What is the size of wall-to-lumen ration of veins/venules?
Smaller
69
Tunica intima is thick in arterioles. True or False?
False, thin.
70
Tunica intima of arterioles has internal elastic lamina. True or False?
False
71
Tunica externa of arterioles is thick. True or False?
False, thin.
72
Venules have very thin walls. True or False?
True
73
Smaller venules are similar to ____ in terms of structure and function.
capillaries
74
All 3 tunics of venules are thin, but ____ is relatively the thickest.
externa
75
The tunica media of venules contains a few smooth muscles. True or False?
True
76
The tunica media of venules contains pericytes. True or False?
True
77
Smooth muscles in tunica media of venules are in the form of concentric rings. True or False?
False, not concentric.
78
Between muscular and elastic artery, which is larger?
Elastic artery
79
These arteries are close to heart that contributes to minimizing changes in blood pressure.
Elastic arteries
80
They conduct blood to different regions and organs of the body.
Arteries
81
This type of artery makes up most of the named arteries of the body.
Muscular/distributing arteries
82
Muscular arteries have obscure internal elastic lamina. True or False?
False, prominent internal elastic lamina.
83
The tunica media of muscular artery is thin. True or False?
False, thick.
84
Approximately how many layers of smooth muscle are present in tunica media of muscular artery?
Up to 40 layers
85
The larger the artery, the more ____ is present with the smooth muscle.
Elastin
86
This artery has the largest-diameter arteries in the body.
Elastic arteries
87
Elastic arteries include the aorta and its largest branches. True or False?
True
88
Elastic arteries stretch during ____ and contract during ____ diastole.
systole, diastole
89
The tunica intima of elastic arteries is thicker than that of muscular arteries due to ?
Thicker subendothelial layer
90
Tunica media of elastic arteries has numerous ____ ____ which increase with age.
elastic laminae
91
In between of elastic laminae of tunica media of elastic arteries, there are ?
1. Smooth muscle fibers
2. Reticular fibers
3, Ground substance
92
The tunica externa of elastic artery is relatively thick or thin?
Thin
93
The tunica externa of elastic artery has what components ?
1. Loose connective tissue
2. Nerves
3. Vasa vasorum
94
The internal and external elastic lamina in elastic arteries are absent. True or False?
False, present but not usually visible.
95
They are considered capacitance vessels because at any one time they hold more than 70% of the total blood volume.
Veins
96
They return blood to the heart.
Vein
97
Among the types of veins (in relation to size), which has thin intima and media, but a relatively thick adventitia ?
Small and medium-sized veins
98
The tunica media of small and medium-sized veins contains a few small bundles of smooth muscle. True or False?
True
99
The tunica externa of small and medium-sized veins are consists of elastic fibers without smooth muscle. True or False?
False, collagen fibers.
100
Valves in veins are consists of folds of tunica ____ that project into the vein lumen.
intima
101
Veins that have valves are most numerous in the ?
Limbs
102
They ensure that blood flows toward the heart and does not pool in lower extremities.
Valves in veins
103
In large veins, tunica media is relatively thick. True or False?
False, thin.
104
Tunica media of large veins contains several layers of smooth muscle and abundant connective tissue. True or False?
True
105
Tunica adventitia of large vein is relatively thin. True or False?
False, thick.
106
Tunica adventitia of large veins contains abundant collagen and some bundles of smooth muscle that run longitudinally. True or False?
True
107
What is the purpose of the adventitial smooth muscle of large veins?
Strengthen the vessel wall to prevent excessive distension.
108
This system collects interstitial fluid (lymph) that leaks from blood vessels into connective tissue, and return it to blood.
Lymphatic system
109
Flow of lymph in lymphatic is in what form of direction?
Unidirectional
110
Lymphatic capillaries is composed of how many layer?
One layer of endothelial cells
111
Lymphatic capillaries have continuous basal lamina. True or False?
False, discontinuous.
112
Lymphatic capillaries merge, forming ?
Lymphatic vessels
113
Lymphatic vessels have very thin walls. True or False?
True
114
This is the inner layer of heart.
Endocardium
115
Endocardium is consists of endothelium and basal lamina resting on a thin layer of connective tissue. True or False?
True
116
It is a layer of connective tissue between endocardium and myocardium.
Subendocardium
117
Subendocardium contains?
1. Nerves
2. Blood vessels
3. Branches of the conducting system of the heart
118
Valves are considered part of the endocardium. True or False?
True
119
In this layer of the heart, muscle fibers are arranged in a spiral pattern around the chambers of the heart.
Myocardium
120
The cardiac muscle fibers of myocardium are inserted into what type of connective tissue?
Dense fibrous connective tissue
121
What are the specialized cells present in the myocardium?
1. Impulse-generating cells
2. Conducting cells
122
This is the outer layer of the heart.
Epicardium
123
Epicardium is consists of a surface of what epithelium ?
Mesothelium
124
Mesothelium is what type of epithelium?
Simple squamous epithelium
125
Mesothelium of epicardium is supported by a thick layer of connective tissue. True or False?
False, thick.
126
Epicardium contains ?
1. Loose connective tissue
2. Large amounts of adipose tissue
3. Nerves
4. Blood vessels (including coronary vessels0
127
Consists of modified cardiac muscle cells specialized for initiation and conduction of electrochemical impulses.
Conducting system
128
In the conducting system of the heart, cells are distributed in a pattern that coordinates contraction of _____.
Myocardium
129
____ ____ are enlarged cardiac muscle fibers specialized for conducting impulses.
Purkinje fibers
130
Purkinje fibers have more myofibrils, and less glycogen than regular myocytes. True or False?
False, less myofibrils and more glycogen
