TOPIC 9 - INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
It covers the entire outer surface of the body.
A
Skin or cutis
2
Q
Skin or cutis is consists of how many layers?
A
2 layers
3
Q
Epidermis is an outer layer formed by an epithelium of what germ layer origin?
A
Ectodermal
4
Q
RESTING STATION
A
❤️❤️❤️
5
Q
What is the subcutaneous layer of loose CT beneath the epidermis and dermis?
A
Hypodermis or subcutis
6
Q
What is the function of hypodermis or subcutis?
A
It binds skin to underlying structures
7
Q
What are the appendages of the skin?
A
- Hair
- Nails
- Sweat glands
- Sebaceous glands
8
Q
What is the collective term for skin and skin appendages?
A
Integumentary system
9
Q
Among the three layers of skin, which is the darker?
A
Epidermis
10
Q
At transition from epidermis to dermis, staining becomes lighter. True or False?
A
True
11
Q
Among the three layers of skin, which is the lightest visible layer?
A
Hypodermis
12
Q
Among the three layers of skin, this is consists of dense irregular connective tissue.
A
Dermis
13
Q
Epidermis is much thicker than dermis. True or False?
A
False
14
Q
This creates an irregular border between the epidermis and dermis.
A
Dermal papilla
15
Q
Hypodermis is consist of mainly what tissue?
A
Adipose tissue
16
Q
Dense connective tissue may extend form dermis into the hypodermis and anchor skin to the underlying structures. True or False?
A
True
17
Q
Give the type of epithelium of epidermis.
A
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
18
Q
What is main function of epidermis?
A
Protect body from harmful influences in the environment and against fluid loss
19
Q
It is the layer of cells completely filled with keratin filaments which are embedded in a dense matrix of proteins.
A
Stratum corneum
20
Q
Individual cells are difficult to identify in stratum corneum. True or False?
A
True
21
Q
Cells are what shape in stratum corneum?
A
Flat
22
Q
Nuclei can still be identified in stratum corneum. True or False?
A
False
23
Q
Other term for keratin filaments
A
Horny cells
24
Q
This layer of epidermis is consists of several layers of flattened dead cells.
A
Stratum lucidum
25
Unlike stratum corneum, stratum lucidum can be identified in thin skin. True or False?
False
26
The stratum granulosum also consists of a few layers of flattened cells. True or False?
True
27
What is the numerous fine granules present in the cytoplasm of cells in stratum granulosum?
Keratohyalin
28
Keratohyalin is found in membrane bound organelles and in the cytoplasm of the cells. True or False?
False, only in the cytoplasm of the cells.
29
The cells of the stratum spinosum is in what shape?
Irregularly polygonal
30
What separate the cells in stratum spinosum?
Narrow and translucent clefts
31
What gives the "spine" appearance in stratum spinosum?
Spine-like cytoplasmic extension of the cells
32
Electron microscope can reveal the membrane-bound lamellar granules in the cytoplasm of spinous cells in stratum spinosum. True or False?
True
33
It is the deepest layer of epidermis, closest to the dermis.
Stratum basale/germinativum
34
What is the epithelium present in stratum/basale germinativum?
Simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium
35
Stratum basale/germinativum rest on the basement membrane. True or False?
True
36
Red hues of the skin are due to ___ in the red blood cell which pass through the capillaries beneath the epidermis.
Hemoglobin
37
Yellow hues of the skin are due to ____ which accumulates in fat cells found in the dermis and hypodermis.
Carotene
38
Brown color of the skin is due to ____ which is produced in the skin by _____.
Melanin, melanocytes
39
Where is melanocytes located?
Epidermis
40
Melanin is located in membrane-bound organelles called _____ inside melanocytes.
Melanosomes
41
Cell bodies of melanocytes are easy to distinguish in ordinary light microscope. True or False?
False
42
Melanocytes can transfer melanin to basal cell keratinocytes. True or False?
True
43
Keratin protects the chromosomes of mitotically active basal cells against UV-induced damage. True or False?
False, it is the melanin.
44
Pigmentation of skin is controlled by the light only. True or False?
False
45
Pigmentation is not only under the control of light but also by hormones produced by the _____ and adrenal ____.
Pituitary and adrenal
46
Disease of pituitary and endocrine organs results in changes of pigmentation of the skin. True or False?
True
47
Melanocytes are from what germ layer origin?
Ectodermal
48
Melanocytes are derived exclusively from the ____ ____ of the embryo from where they migrate to all other parts of the body.
Neural crest
49
Renewal of the human epidermis takes ___ to ___ weeks.
3 to 4 weeks
50
Cells of the epidermis will keratinize and are collectively called ?
Keratocytes
51
Keratinization is synonymous to formation of the stratum corneum. True or False?
False
52
Among the 3 layers of skin, where are Langerhans cells located?
Epidermis
53
This cell constitutes same morphology with melanocytes but functionally more related to macrophages.
Cells of Langerhans
54
When cells of Langerhans come in contact with antigen, they migrate to regional ___ ___ when they initiate an immune response.
Lymph nodes
55
The fine processes of cells of Langerhans form a network between cells of the epidermis and the ___ ___ which have entered the epidermis.
Phagocytose antigens
56
T-lymphocytes together with the cells of Langerhans, are sometimes referred to as?
Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
57
The dermis is approximately how thick?
1-2 mm
58
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
1. Papillary layer
2. Reticular layer
59
Dermis continues into the subcutaneous tissue with sharply define boundary. True or False?
False, sharply define boundary
60
Between the 2 layers of dermis, which has denser connective tissue?
Reticular layer
61
Capillaries are frequent in papillary layer of the dermis. True or False?
True
62
When it comes to collagen fibers, both papillary and reticular layer of dermis have both thick collagen fibers. True or False?
False, only reticular layer
63
The main orientation of collagen fibers in reticular layer follows what line ?
Line of greatest tension in the skin/Kraiss lines
64
Give the surgical importance of Kraiss Lines.
Incisions parallel to Kraiss Lines heals faster with less formation of scar tissue
65
What do you call the short, fine, and only lightly pigmented hair?
Vellus hair
66
What are the truly hairless body parts?
1. Palms
2. Soles
3. Distal phalanges
4. Sides of the finger and toes
5. Parts of the external genitalia
67
Free part of the hair is called?
Shaft
68
This is the tubular invagination of the epidermis which extends down into the dermis and a short distance into the hypodermis; where root of hair is anchored in.
Hair follicle
69
The deepest end of hair follicle forms an enlargement called?
Bulb
70
Cells in bulb of hair follicle are mitotically active. True or False?
True
71
Hair cells keratinise within what part and percentage of hair?
Lower 1/3 of the hair follicle
72
Each hair follicle has a bundle of smooth muscle called?
Arrector pili muscle
73
The ends of arrector pili muscle inserts to?
1. Papillary layer of the dermis
2. Dermal sheath of the hair follicle
74
Phase of growth of the hair
Anagen phase
75
Resting stage of growth of the hair
Telogen
76
The anagen variable/phase in eyebrows and eyelashes lasts for ?
A few months
77
The anagen variable/phase in hair of the scalp lasts for ?
2-5 years
78
Hair grown is controlled by?
1. Hormonal
2. Hereditary factors
3. Interactions of abovementioned
79
Sebaceous glands empty their secretory products into the ?
Upper parts of the hair follicle
80
Hair follicle + sebaceous gland is called?
Pilosebaceous unit
81
Sebaceous gland is also found in?
1. Lips
2. Oral surface of cheels
3. External genitalia
82
The secretory portion of sebaceous glands is consists of alveoli. True or False?
True
83
2 structural types of sebaceous glands
1. Tubular structure
2. Alveolar structure
84
Lipid secretion of sebaceous glands has no softening effect on the skin and has limited antibacterial and antifungal activity. True or False?
True
85
2 types of sweat glands
1. Merocrine (eccrine)
2. Apocrine
86
They are the only gland on skin with clearly define biological function.
Merocrine Sweat glands
87
Approximately how many glands are there all over the body with the exception of external genitalia?
3,000,000
88
They are secretory tubules and initial part of excretory duct coiled into a spherical ball at the border between the dermis and hypodermis.
Sweat glands
89
Type of cell of secretory epithelium is either ?
Cuboidal or columnar
90
Give the 2 types of cell of sweat glands and their secretion.
1. Light type - watery eccrine sweat
2. Dark type - may produce mucin-like secretion
91
Cells in sweat glands have slightly different shapes, hence, may appear pseudostratified. True or False?
True
92
In sweat glands, ___ ___ are found between secretory cells and basement membrane.
Myoepithelial cells
93
Excretory duct in sweat glands has ___ layers of ___ ___ ___ and empty directly onto the surface of the skin.
2, stratified cuboidal epithelium
94
Apocrine sweat glands are present in the axilla. True or False?
True
95
Apocrine glands are much larger than merocrine sweat glands. True or False?
True
96
Merocrine sweat is milky, proteinaceous and odorless but the odor is a result of bacterial decomposition, in mammals other than humans, of importance for sexual attraction. True or False?
False, apocrine sweat
97
Between the 2 types of sweat glands, which has larger lumen in secretory tubules and has presence of only one major cell type (cuboidal or columnar)?
Apocrine gland
98
Sweat glands are absent in bird. True or False?
True
99
In cat, sweat glands are extensively developed all over the body. True or False?
False, only in anal and oral regions, lower jaw and foot pads
100
In dogs, presence of sweat glands is extensive but does not function to its maximum. True or False?
True
101
What are the glands of anal region?
1. Anal gland
2. Gland of the anal sac
3. Circum-anal glands
102
Among the 3 glands of the anal region, which is the modified sweat glands in dogs, cats, and pigs?
Anal gland
103
Anal glands secretion in dogs are in what form?
Lipid
104
Anal glands secretion in pigs are in what form?
Mucoid
105
Among the 3 glands of the anal region, which is present only in carnivores and many rodents?
Gland of the anal sac
106
In dogs, gland of the anal sac is a?
Sweat gland
107
In cats, gland of the anal sac is?
Sebaceous gland
108
Among the 3 glands of anal region, which gives off a distinct odor and usually removed by surgical procedure?
Circum-anal gland
109
Circum-anal gland ranks ___ frequent site of canine tumors.
3rd
110
In dogs, circum-anal gland are sebaceous or sweat gland?
Sebaceous (in dermis around the anus)
111
It is a compound tubuloalveolar modified sweat glands.
Mammary gland
112
In mammary gland, apocrine portion secretes what?
Lipid component of milk
113
In mammary gland, merocrine/eccrine portion secretes what?
Protein and CHO components
114
Mammary gland is encapsulated by?
Dense white connective tissue
115
What are components of the duct system in mammary gland?
1. Secretory tubule
2. Lobular or interlobar duct
3. Lactiferous sinus
4. Teat sinus
5. Streak canal
116
During early lactation, these are prominent and comprises a part in a colostrum; imparts initial passive immunity
Macrophages and leukocytes
117
Avian integumentary system is consists of?
1. Skin
2. Feathers
3. Appendages (claws and beak)
118
Where are skin glands located in the chicken?
1. Outer ear
2. Preen glands
119
What are the functions of avian integumentary system?
1. Barrier between external environment and internal systems and organs, thus providing support and protection from infection by microorganisms and physical injury
2. Excellent thermal insulation to help regulate body temperature in variable environment
3. Numerous nerve endings enable birds to be aware of potentially harmful situations
4. Pigments for display and protection from elements
