topic 1.1

Question 1

What is the definition of primary health care according to the Alma Ata Declaration 1978?

Answer 1

Primary health care is essential health care based on practical scientifically sound, socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community.

Question 2

What does primary health care (PHC) aim to ensure?

Answer 2

PHC aims at ensuring the highest possible level of health and well-being and their equitable distribution by focusing on people’s needs.

Question 3

List the three inter-related components of primary health care.

Answer 3

• Integrated health services to meet people’s health needs throughout their lives
• Addressing the broader determinants of health through multisectoral policy and action
• Empowering individuals, families, and communities to take charge of their own health.

Question 4

Why is primary health care important?

Answer 4

• Cornerstone of a sustainable health system for UHC
• Inclusive, equitable, cost-effective, and efficient
• Critical for health system resilience and early epidemic detection.

Question 5

How many people are at risk of falling into poverty due to out-of-pocket health spending?

Answer 5

About 930 million people worldwide.

Question 6

What impact could scaling up primary health care interventions have by 2030?

Answer 6

It could save 60 million lives and increase average life expectancy by 3.7 years.

Question 7

What are the proven benefits of health systems with a primary health care-based foundation?

Answer 7

• Improved clinical outcomes
• Increased efficiency
• Better quality of care
• Enhanced patient satisfaction.

Question 8

What are the attributes of primary health care?

Answer 8

• Accessible
• Affordable
• Acceptable
• Appropriate
• Adaptable.

Question 9

List the principles of primary health care.

Answer 9

• Multisectoral approach
• Community participation
• Focus on prevention
• Equitable distribution of health services
• Appropriate technology.

Question 10

What does a multisectoral approach in primary health care involve?

Answer 10

Collaboration between health and non-health sectors to improve health outcomes.

Question 11

What are the advantages of community participation in health care?

Answer 11

• Increases program acceptance and leadership
• Ensures the program meets local needs
• Reduces implementation costs by using local resources
• Facilitates problem-solving efficiently.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: Prevention is _______ and best for developing countries.

Answer 12

economical.

Question 13

What is the focus of equitable distribution of health services?

Answer 13

Health services must be shared equally by all people irrespective of their ability to pay.

Question 14

What does universal health care (UHC) ensure?

Answer 14

All people have access to the full range of quality health services they need, without financial hardship.

Question 15

What are the three objectives of universal coverage (UC)?

Answer 15

• Equity in access to health services
• Quality of health services
• Financial risk protection.

Question 16

True or False: The movement towards universal health coverage (UHC) is a prominent global health policy.

Answer 16

True.

Question 17

What does the World Health Organization (WHO) define UHC as?

Answer 17

A healthcare system with a motive of equity in access through promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative health interventions.

Question 18

What was one of the targets set by nations when they adopted the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

Answer 18

Achieving universal health coverage (UHC).

Question 19

List the main approaches to achieve universal health coverage.

Answer 19

• Equitable health services
• Quality health services
• Multisectoral coordination
• Health system reform.

Question 20

What are the guiding principles of universal health coverage?

Answer 20

• Universality
• Equity
• Non-exclusion and Non-discrimination
• Comprehensive care
• Financial protection.

Question 21

Fill in the blank: Achieving UHC includes financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services, and access to safe, effective, quality and _______ essential medicines and vaccines for all.

Answer 21

affordable.

Question 22

What was stated in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights regarding health?

Answer 22

Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being.

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The 2010 World Health Report aims at assisting countries in quickly moving towards _______.

Answer 23

Universal Health Coverage.

Question 24

What is comprehensive care in the context of UHC?

Answer 24

Inclusion of all aspects of care

Comprehensive care ensures that all elements, from promotion to rehabilitation, are addressed for patient well-being.

Question 25

What is financial risk protection?

Answer 25

Access to all needed quality health services without financial hardship ## Footnote Financial risk protection is a fundamental principle of UHC, ensuring that individuals do not face financial barriers when accessing healthcare.

Question 26

What are the guiding principles of Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?

Answer 26

* Protection of patient’s rights * Consolidated public health provision * Accountability and transparency * Community participation * Putting health in people’s hands

Question 27

What is a major challenge for developing countries to achieve UHC?

Answer 27

Insufficient funds ## Footnote Developing countries often rely on external funding for universal health programs, which poses significant challenges.

Question 28

True or False: Financial risk protection has been fully achieved in all member countries.

Answer 28

False ## Footnote Many countries still face out-of-pocket payments that hinder the achievement of financial risk protection.

Question 29

Fill in the blank: Reducing _______ is a challenge for achieving UHC.

Answer 29

inequity

Question 30

List some advantages of UHC.

Answer 30

* Promotion * Prevention * Treatment * Rehabilitation * Palliative care

Question 31

What is the relationship between primary health care (PHC) and UHC?

Answer 31

UHC depends on a strong primary health-care system ## Footnote Effective primary health care is essential for achieving universal health coverage.

Question 32

What are the three essential components of a PHC approach to UHC?

Answer 32

* Multisectoral policy and action * Empowered people and communities * Primary care and essential public health functions

Question 33

Why is community involvement important in the PHC-UHC partnership?

Answer 33

It ensures local, equitable, and integrated primary health care ## Footnote Engaging communities fosters better health outcomes and service delivery.

Question 34

What does the PHC-UHC Partnership aim to promote?

Answer 34

Healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages ## Footnote This includes addressing factors that threaten health beyond individual control.

Question 35

Fill in the blank: The UHC Partnership is committed to promote _______ actions to reduce risk factors.

Answer 35

multisectoral

Question 36

What is a key factor for improving access to care in health systems?

Answer 36

Involving community members in decisions about health priorities ## Footnote Community engagement is crucial for tailoring health services to local needs.