Topic 15 - Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

What is innate immunity (spec/speed?)

Answer 1

Non-specific & fast

Question 2

What is adapative immunity (spec/brain?)

Answer 2

Specific & has memory

Question 3

What are the two ways innate immunity works?

Answer 3

1. Physical barriers

2. Chemical/cellular responses

Question 4

What is the way that adaptive immunity works?

Answer 4

Lymphocytes & antibodies

Question 5

What are the physical barriers?

Answer 5

• Skin
• Mucous membranes
• Normal microbial flora

Question 6

What are the chemical/cellular responses?

Answer 6

• Phagocytic WBC
• Antimicrobial substances
• Inflammation
• Fever

Question 7

What are the ways lymphocytes & antibodies work?

Answer 7

• Specialized lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)

- Antibodies

Question 8

What is specificity?

Answer 8

Recognizes a particular molecule (antigen)

Question 9

What is inducibility?

Answer 9

Cells get activated only in response to specific pathogens

Question 10

What is clonality?

Answer 10

Active cells duplicate themselves (clones)

Question 11

What is no response to self?

Answer 11

The immune system doesn’t attack its own body (hopefully)

Question 12

What is memory?

Answer 12

Remembers and reacts faster during a second exposure to pathogen

Question 13

What 5 things make up adaptive immunity?

Answer 13

1. The lymphatic system
2. Antigens
3. Antibodies
4. Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)
5. Chemical signals and mediators

Question 14

What is lymph?

Answer 14

Plasma and solutes from blood

Question 15

What are lymph nodes?

Answer 15

Receive lymph and interact with immune cells?

Question 16

What is the lymph system?

Answer 16

One-way vessels carry lymph from tissues back to blood

Question 17

What are antigens?

Answer 17

Specific 3D molecules recognized by antibodies

- Usually proteins, lipids & glycolipids

Question 18

What is an example of an antigen?

Answer 18

1. Surface structures found on bacteria or viruses

2. Soluble proteins or toxins

Question 19

What are antibodies used by?

Answer 19

• Used by the immune system to recognize foreign particles

- Have variable and constant regions

Question 20

What are antibodies also known as?

Answer 20

Immunoglobulins

Question 21

What are antibodies?

Answer 21

Special molecules that bind antigens

Question 22

How many chains do antibodies have?

Answer 22

4 (2 “light” and 2 “heavy”)

Question 23

What is the variable region on the antibody?

Answer 23

The portion that recognizes a very specific antigen

Question 24

What is the constant region on the antibody?

Answer 24

It is recognized by immune cells

Question 25

Define antigen

Answer 25

A molecule (usually a foreign protein) that is bound by antibodies

Question 26

Define epitope

Answer 26

The specific region of an antigen that is bound by a specific antibody (there may be several per antigen)

Question 27

Describe the antibody (epitope)

Answer 27

A molecule that specifically recognizes and binds a particular epitope on an antigen

Question 28

What are the 5 functions of antibodies?

Answer 28

- Activate complement system - Neutralize toxins - Opsonization - Agglutionation - Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Question 29

What is the complement system?

Answer 29

Set of roughly 30 proteins that can trigger inflammation/fever, opsonization, pathogen, lysis, etc

Question 30

Define opsonization

Answer 30

Stimulate phagocytosis by neutrophils & macrophages

Question 31

Define aggultionation

Answer 31

Antibodies bind multiple antigens (clump together) increases chances of phagocytosis & reduces solubility

Question 32

What is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

Answer 32

Non phagocytotic killing mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, eosinophils

Question 33

Name 5 different antibodies

Answer 33

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

Question 34

What do IgD antibodies do?

Answer 34

May activate B cells, mast cells, and basophils

Question 35

What do IgE antibodies do?

Answer 35

Triggers release of anti-parasitic molecules from eosinophils, and histamines from basophils

Question 36

What do IgM antibodies do?

Answer 36

Complement activation, neutralization, agglutination

Question 37

What do IgA antibodies do?

Answer 37

Dimer is secreted by mucous membranes, also found in milk

Question 38

What do IgG antibodies do?

Answer 38

Complement activation, opsonization, agglutination | - Can cross placenta to protect fetus

Question 39

What is ELISA?

Answer 39

A test used to detect the presence of an antigen or antibody in a sample (can be used as a pregnancy test)

Question 40

What is basophil involved in?

Answer 40

Inflammation

Question 41

What is the dendiritic cell involved in?

Answer 41

Phagocytosis

Question 42

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 42

Specific types of leukocytes (WBC)

Question 43

What are macrophage, neutrophil, and eosinophil part of?

Answer 43

Phagocytosis and non-phagocytic killing