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Microbiology > Topic 7 > Flashcards

Topic 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA (Replication), (Transcription, RNA, (Translation), Proteins

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2
Q

What is DNA

A

Genetic and Hereditary material

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3
Q

What is protein?

A

The functional material of the cell

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4
Q

What does the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology do?

A

Genes code for proteins

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5
Q

What is done in the cytoplasm in bacteria?

A

DNA during transcription becomes single strand mRNA and then a ribosome attaches with polypeptide chain which is translation ???
Sometimes transcription and translation happens at the same time

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6
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucelopsides

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7
Q

What are the three parts of nucleosides?

A
  • Phosphate group
  • Sugar
  • Nitrogenous Base
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8
Q

What are the five different bases on nucleic acids?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Uracil
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9
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

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10
Q

What bonding is in DNA?

A

Hydrogen Bonding

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11
Q

What bases are in DNA?

A

Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

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12
Q

DNA strands are ___ and ____

A

Complimentary and anti-parallel
Anti-parallel: DNA strands are built in opposite directions (1 half of the molecule is flipped)
- They run in different directions

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13
Q

What is part of a DNA structure?

A

Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

  • Hydrogen Bonds
  • Phosphate group
  • Deoxyribose sugar
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14
Q

How is RNA different from DNA? (3)

A
  • The sugar molecule is slightly different (it has an extra oxygen)
  • It is single-stranded
  • It contains Uracil (U) in place of Thymine
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15
Q

Can you have double stranded RNA and single stranded DNA?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What bases are in RNA?

A

Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Uracil

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17
Q

What is a nucleoside made of?

A

Sugar + Base

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18
Q

What is a nucelotide made of?

A

Sugar + Base + Phosphate

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19
Q

DNA can be ___

A

Unzipped

- Hydrogen bonds are weak and can be easily broken

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20
Q

DNA has what type of strands?

A

Complimentary sets of the same information

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21
Q

How do you copy DNA?

A

You have the original DNA molecule, part of it unzips and becomes the region of replication and it forms a new molecule

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22
Q

How does DNA replication occur?

A
  1. Parent molecule: 2 strands held together with complementary hydrogen bonding
  2. Separation of strands: hydrogen bonds are broken
  3. “Daughter” DNA molecules: separated strands are used as a template to produce duplicate DNA molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one new strand
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23
Q

Slide 16

A

?

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24
Q

How does DNA replication happen in bacteria?

A

DNA will split, be copied, and then copied around the circle in a loop until it is complete

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25
Chromosome is ____?
One massive circle
26
What is conjugation?
The temporary union of two bacteria or unicellular organisms for the exchange of genetic material
27
What are plasmids?
Autonomously-replicating genetic elements
28
What is an example of artificial plasmid?
A DNA fragment containing Ori from E.Coli + Circular DNA molecule = Circular DNA molecule with the ability to self-replicate in E.Coli
29
What is the first step and what happens?
Transcription: DNA is copied into mRNA | - The DNA molecule is unzipped and one strand is transcribed
30
What enzyme is part of transcription?
RNA polymerase
31
What strand is the template strand?
Bottom strand
32
What strand is the non-template strand?
Top strand
33
What would happen if RNA polymerase read it wrong?
We would get a complimentary DNA (message would be different) *It is important what strand is read
34
What direction is transcription in RNA polymerase?
A DNA and RNA strand form and then become one and that is the direction of transcription
35
What is an example of transcription (ex: in real life)
If you are copying what is in your notebook
36
What does promotor and terminator mean?
Promotor: start Terminator: Stop *when coding
37
What is the coding region called?
Gene
38
What is step 2?
Translation
39
What is done during translation?
mRNA is used to build a polypeptide - mRNA is used as a template - this occurs at the ribosome
40
What step is changing language?
Translation
41
How many different A.A that need to be encoded for?
20
42
What is the start codon?
AUG (Met)
43
What are the stop codons? (3)
- UAA - UAG - UGA
44
What is a codon?
3 nucleotides
45
What codes for one A.A?
A codon on the mRNA
46
How are A.A transferred and strung together?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
47
What is the anticodon?
Complementary to the codon
48
How many nucleotides are an anti-codon?
3 nucleotides
49
What does the anti-codon do?
Each tRNA has an anti-codon which recognizes the codon of the mRNA
50
Where is the A.A on a transfer RNA?
The attachment site
51
What type of bonds are in tRNA
Hydrogen Bonds
52
What is protein synthesis?
The formation of a peptide bone between 2 A.A
53
What is a polypeptide?
A linear chain of A.A
54
What is the amino end of a polypeptide called?
N-terminus
55
What is the carboxyl end of a polypeptide called?
C-terminus
56
How do you distinguish the backbone of a polypeptide?
It is highlighted in yellow
57
How do you use the wheel of fortune (the genetic code)?
1. Find AUG | 2. Then look at the next 3 nucleotides
58
Can you take genes from one species and insert it into the genome of another?
Yes
59
What happens with recombinant DNA?
1. Gene inserted into plasmid | 2. Plasmid put into bacterial cell
60
What does the LacZ gene do to a bacteria?
It changes colour if you have successfully inserted your target gene
61
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
62
What is PCR?
A thermocycler (PCR machine) is used to rapidly heat and cool solutions containing DNA
63
What does the solution in the PCR machine contain?
target DNA, single-stranded DNA primers, Taq DNA polymerase and nucelotides
64
What is a genome?
the complete set of genes in a cell or organism
65
What does PCR allow us to do?
Quickly make billions of copies of a single DNA (or RNA) sequence from a mixture of thousands of genes and other sequences
66
What are the three steps of PCR?
1. Denaturation 2. Annealing 3. Extension
67
What is PCR in terms of DNA?
DNA replication in a tube
68
What does DNA encodes for?
The protein's shape and function
69
What does the sequence of nucelosides determine?
The sequence of nucelosides in a gene determines the sequence of the A.A in the protein it encodes

Microbiology (13 decks)

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