Topic 2 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
What size are bacteria?
A
Small, they are the most important
2
Q
What size are viruses?
A
They are even smaller than bacteria
3
Q
What is an example of multicellular parasites?
A
Tapeworms
4
Q
What can fungi cause?
A
Some skin infections
5
Q
What are protists
A
Single cells eukaryotic organisms
6
Q
What are prions
A
Proteins, not living things, will bing to some proteins (in a human) and stop them from working
7
Q
Which organism has a “true” nucleus?
A
A eukaryotic (animal) cell
8
Q
Are viruses alive?
A
They reproduce (can’t do it alone), don’t have metabolism, don’t take in food, don’t have waste, don’t take up energy, have genetic material so they are not ‘technically’ alive
9
Q
What is included in Prokaryotic cells?
A
Bacteria and archaea
10
Q
What is included in Eukaryotic cells
A
Protists
Algae
Fungi
Animals
11
Q
What is included in acellular
A
Viruses
Prions
12
Q
What does acellular mean
A
Without cells
13
Q
Give an example of a protist
A
Seaweed
14
Q
Eukaryotic are what type of cells
A
Single cells, what humans are made of
15
Q
Describe the chemistry of Archaea
A
The chemistry and metabolism is similar to eukaryotic cells, do not cause infection
16
Q
What are the top 3 groups in Eukarya
A
Plants, animals (humans), and fungi
17
Q
What is the chromosome
A
How DNA is stored
18
Q
What is the capsule layer?
A
It is resistant the immune system (more dangerous to humans)
19
Q
What is the plasmid
A
It is useful because we can take DNA and put it in a plasmid and trick it to multiple.
It carries a gene that makes bacteria resistant to antibiotics which is not done by eukaryotes
20
Q
State the features of a Prokaryote cell
A
Chromosomes: circular - no nucleus - no histones Plus additional small circles of DNA called plasmids Organelles: No Cell wall: Peptidoglycan (most) Cell Division: Binary Fission
21
Q
What are histones
A
Positively charged proteins in eukaryote (used for compacted DNA)
22
Q
State the features of a Eukaryote cell?
A
Chromosomes: Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
(Histones - proteins used to package DNA into chromosomes)
Organelles: Yes
Cell wall: Polysaccharide (if any)
Cell division: Mitosis
23
Q
What are the three domains of life?
A
Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria
24
Q
Do Archaea cause any issues?
A
No, they do not
25
What is classification?
Organisms are sorted in a hierarchy (species, genus, family, etc). This system is known as taxonomy
We classify by looking for similar shared traits (which ideally indicate relatedness)
26
What characteristic do mammals share?
They produce milk
27
What characteristic do carnivora share?
Specialized teeth
28
What characteristic do Felidae share?
Retractable claws
29
What is a species?
A population whose members can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring
30
What are problems with the definition of a species?
- Many organisms don't mate (there are no sexes)
- Bacteria often swap DNA between unrelated forms
- Viruses can't even reproduce on their own
31
What is an example of a mammal that breed but cannot have offspring
A mule (horse and donkey)
32
How do we classify microbes?
- Cell shape (morphology)
- Ability to be stained
- Biochemistry (nutrition, metabolism & growth conditions)
- rRNA sequences (2-3% different = new species)
33
Why do we test enzymes
To see what kind of species these microbes are
34
What is a sequence alignment
Comparing rRNA genes between organisms to see how related they are
35
How do we name things?
- Use latin (no favouritism)
- Italicized or underlined
- Each organism has two names: Genus and species
eg: Escherichia coli (E.Coli)
36
Deinococcus Radiodurans is known for being
The "toughest bacterium"
| It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, high acidity and radiation
37
What qualities do protistas have?
Animal and plant like qualities (do not fit into the other three kingdoms)
38
Prokaryotes - Archaea (many are)
Extremophiles and Methanogens
39
Prokaryotes - Archaea compete with
Bacteria but bacteria do a better job at dividing and growing
40
Where do you find prokaryotes (archaea)
- Appear in warm climates where they do not need to compete with bacteria
- Can live in water that is boiling
- Can live really deep in the earth crust
- Not known to cause any diseases
41
Describe the structure of prokaryotes (Bacteria)
- 'Simple' single celled organisms
- No nucleus or internal organelles
- Most posses a cell wall containing peptidoglycan
42
What is endosymbiosis?
One cell living inside of another cell
43
Give an example of endosymbiosis
Chlamydia lives inside of a cell and does not perform ATP, it steals energy just like parasites
44
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory
Fusion or symbiotic association of prokaryotic cells
- Ancestors of mitochondria were aerobic heterotrophic bacteria
- Ancestors of chloroplasts were photosynthetic cyanobacteria
45
Name the structure within a mitochondria
- Outer membrane
- Inner membrane
- Intermembrane space
- Cristae
- Matrix
46
What type of bacteria are mitochondria?
Aerobic bacteria
47
What type of bacteria are chloroplasts?
Cyanobacteria
48
Give an example of photosynthesis
A tree takes in CO2 from the air and releases oxygen?
49
Give an example of absorption
A fungi, digestion starts outside of the body and then they soak things up
50
Give an example of ingestion
Amoeba?
51
Describe Eukaryotes
- Have a nucleus
- Single-celled and multi-cellular organisms
- Classified based on structure, reproductive cycles and how they feed themselves
52
Describe Animalia
- Multicellular
- Ingest nutrients
- Extracellular matrix
- Sponges?
- Vertebrates and invertebrates
53
Describe plantae
- Multicellular
- Photosynthetic
- Cellulose
- Ex: mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
54
Describe Fungi
- Absorb nutrients
- Unicellular/multicellular
- Chitin
- Ex: Yeasts , moulds, mushrooms
55
Describe protists
- Unicellular organisms
| - Don't fit anywhere else!
56
Describe the matrix and cell wall of a Eukaryotes
They have an extracellular matrix and no cell wall
57
What is diploid?
Two sets of information
58
Describe the stage of animals
Only the diploid stage is multicellular
59
A gamete is ___ (cell)
Unicellular
60
Describe the fungi stage
The haploid stage is multi-cellular, the diploid stage consists of a single cell
There may also be a multicellular dikaryotic stage
(Some of the cells in the fungi have 2 nuclei and are haploid)
61
Where does meosis occur?
In mushrooms and it produces spores?
62
Describe the sex (Re)Education in plants
"Alternation of Generations"
| There are multicellular diploid AND haploid stages
63
Describe Eukaryotes - Animalia
- Multicellular
- ECM? instead of cell wall
- Most are ingestive
64
Describe Eukaryotes - Plantae
- Multicellular
- Cell walls made of cellulose
- Photosynthetic
* No known pathogenic forms
65
Describe Eukaryotes - Fungi
- Single celled or multicellular
- Cell walls containing chitin
- Absorptive
66
Describe Eukaryotes - Protista
Complex (eukaryotic) single cells that can't be easily categorized
67
What type of group are the protista?
A very diverse group of single-celled microbes whose relationships are poorly understood
68
How are protists grouped?
According to means of nourishment, sex, and ___?
69
What are the different types of protists
Ingestive protists: Protozoa
Absorptive protists: Water moulds
Photosynthetic protists: Algae
70
Viruses and Prions have 4 possibilities
Single stranded RNA, DNA, or double stranded RNA, DNA
71
What are some criteria that may be used for classifying microbes? (4)
- Cell shapes
- Ability to be stained
- Biochemistry or metabolic abilities
- DNA sequence - particularly those for rRNAs
72
Define the characteristics of a Prokaryotes - Bacteria
- 'Simple' single celled organisms
- No nucleus
- No internal organelles
- Most possess a cell wall containing peptidoglycan
73
Define the characteristics of Eukaryotes - Animalia
- Multicellular
- Made up of Eukaryotic cells
- No cell walls
74
Define the characteristics of Fungi
- Eukaryotic
- Unicellular
- Multicellular
- Cell walls containing chitin
75
Define the characteristics of Protista
- Complex (eukaryotic) single cells that can't be easily categorized
76
Viruses and reproduction
They cannot reproduce on their own
77
Define taxonomy
The science of classifying and naming organisms
78
Define Prokaryote
Any unicellular microorganism that lacks a nucleus. Classificiation include Bacteria and Archae.
79
Define Eukaryote
Any organism made up of cells containing a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane.
Classification includes animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa
80
Define Bacteria
Prokaryotic microorganisms typically having cell walls composed of peptidoglycan
81
Define Fungi
Eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls and obtain food from other organisms
82
Define Virus
Tiny infectious acellular agent ____?
83
What are the characteristics of life (8)
- Reproduction
- They have genetic material of some sort (DNA)
- They grow
- They have some sort of metabolism (to utilize energy)
- Maintain homeostasis
- Respond to stimuli
- They adapt very quickly
- They fight entrophy (the tendency towards disorder)
84
What are the 2 main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
85
What are the 3 domains of life?
Eukarya, Archae, and Bacteria
86
Why are Archae and Bacteria both Prokaryotes?
Because they don't have nuclei
87
Describe the structure of a Prokaryotic cell
```
Size: smaller than Eukaryotic cell
Nucleus: No
Membrane-Bound Organelles: No
Ribosomes: Yes
Presence and Type of Cell: Yes, there is a cell wall made of Peptidoglycan
```
88
Describe the structure of a Prokaryotic cell
```
Size: smaller than Eukaryotic cell
Nucleus: No
Membrane-Bound Organelles: No
Ribosomes: Yes
Presence and Type of Cell: Yes, there is a cell wall made of Peptidoglycan (some Prokaryotes have lost their cell wall. They may have a capsule/slime layer)
```
89
Describe the structure of a Eukaryotic cell
```
Size: Bigger than Prokaryotic
Nucleus: Yes
Membrane-Bound Organelles: Yes
Ribosomes: Yes
Presence and Type of Cell: May have a cell wall
```
90
What is the cell wall in plants made of?
Cellulose
91
What is the cell wall of animals made of?
They do not have a cell wall. We have proteins, known as the extracellular matrix
92
What types of characteristics do taxonomists use to classify microbes?
- cell structure (shape)
- cellular metabolism
- differences in cell components such as DNA, growth form (how they stick together in chains Ex: Strepto)
- Colour of the colonies
93
How are rRNA genes used?
rRNA genes are compared to see how similar/different two organisms are
