Topic 9 (Electronegativity)

Question 1

Atoms with a high electronegativity have

Answer 1

A higher affinity for electrons

Question 2

Oxygen is always trying to

Answer 2

Steal electrons

Question 3

What is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 3

Electrons are shared unevenly (ex: H2O)

Question 4

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

Answer 4

Electrons are shared evenly

ex: O2, H2, CH4

Question 5

What type of molecule is water and what bonds does it form?

Answer 5

Water is a polar molecule. It forms hydrogen bonds

Question 6

What is bond energy?

Answer 6

The amount of energy required to break a bond

The amount of energy that is released when a bond is formed

Question 7

What bonds have a higher bond energy? Polar covalent or non-polar covalent bonds

Answer 7

Polar covalent bonds

Question 8

What has the highest bond energy and the lowest?

Answer 8

Lowest: C-O
Highest: C=O

Question 9

Define metabolism

Answer 9

The set of chemical reactions that occur in cells to maintain life

Question 10

What is a catabolic reaction?

Answer 10

It is when energy is released from breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Question 11

Define anabolic reaction?

Answer 11

Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 12

What is the energy currency of the cell?

Answer 12

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Question 13

ATP –> ADP

Answer 13

When ATP (high energy) is broken down into ADP (low energy), energy is released

Question 14

ATP

Answer 14

When ADP + Pi are combined to make ATP, energy is stored

Question 15

How do enzymes speed up metabolic reactions?

Answer 15

They lower energy barriers

Question 16

What is energy activation?

Answer 16

In living cells, the energy needed to start a reaction (to break bonds for instance) is lowered by enzymes

Question 17

What is the enzyme responsible for degrading peptidoglycan

Answer 17

Lysozyme

Question 18

What is the enzyme for penicillin?

Answer 18

Penicillinase

Question 19

What does DNAse do?

Answer 19

‘Digests’ DNA

Question 20

What does Proteinase do?

Answer 20

Digests protein (aka protease)

Question 21

What does ATP synthase do?

Answer 21

Synthesizes ATP

Question 22

What does Reverse Transcriptase do?

Answer 22

Used by HIV virus to transcribe its RNA genome to DNA

Question 23

What does Integrase do?

Answer 23

Enzyme used by HIV to integrate its genome into host cell’s genome

Question 24

What is a substrate?

Answer 24

The reagent to which the enzyme binds (the starting material)

Question 25

How would you express an enzyme controlled reaction

Answer 25

Substrate(s) ---- Enzyme --> Product(s)

Question 26

What do enzymes do to reactions?

Answer 26

Catalyze them

Question 27

How do enzymes speed up reactions? (2)

Answer 27

- Align the reagent(s) properly | - Lower the amount of energy needed for reactions to occur

Question 28

What happens at the active site?

Answer 28

It is where the action is. At the active site cleft that binds single strand of DNA and makes the double strand

Question 29

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 29

Stealing water builds a more complex molecule (and requires energy)

Question 30

What is usually added/removed when enzymes build or disassembling molecules?

Answer 30

Water

Question 31

Define hydrolysis

Answer 31

Adding water breaks the molecule and there is a net release of energy (more energy is released by the formation of H2O)

Question 32

Enzymes can.. (3)

Answer 32

- Build Molecules - Break them down - Transfer things

Question 33

What needs to be specific for an enzyme to function (7)

Answer 33

- Temperature - pH - Substrate concentrations ALSO: salt concentrations, product concentrations, different organs, cell compartments

Question 34

Name 3 ways proteins can be denatured

Answer 34

Changes in: heat, pH, or chemicals

Question 35

What is competitive binding?

Answer 35

Bind at the same location as substrate

Question 36

What is non-competitive binding?

Answer 36

Bind somewhere else and disrupt active site or bar entry into active site (allosteric regulation) *see slide 32 for pic

Question 37

How do inhibitors bind?

Answer 37

Reversibly or irreversibly

Question 38

What is an example of an inhbitor?

Answer 38

Sarin: binds covalently to serine

Question 39

What does the inhibitor ASA do?

Answer 39

It binds reversibly to an enzyme that forms prostanoids responsible for swelling and pain

Question 40

What does the inhibitor Pen G do?

Answer 40

Binds covalently (irreversibly) to enzymes involved in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis - Lethal to the bacteria - Does not affect our cells (no cell walls)

Question 41

The Citric Acid Cycle (AKA the Kreb's Cycle) details

Answer 41

- Pyruvate broken down to CO2 - 2 ATP - 8 to 10 electrons passed to carriers

Question 42

In the Citric Acid you get... (end products)

Answer 42

``` 6 NADH + H+ 2 FADH2 4 CO2 2 ATP Regenerate oxaloacetate for next "turn of the wheel" ```