Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Topic 6 > Flashcards

Topic 6 Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What Antonie Van Leeuwnhoek known for?

A

“Animalacules”

- observed single cells in pond water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dissecting Scope Features (6)

A
  • light reflected off specimen
  • larger depth of field
  • room to manipulate specimen
  • see 3-dimensional image
  • image not inverted
  • lower magnification than compound scope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Features of the Compound Light Microscope

A
  • Ocular and Objective Lenses
  • Light passes through the specimen
  • The image is inverted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the magnification of the compound light microscope?

A

up to 1000x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does oil immersion do in the compound light microscope?

A

Oil immersion can be used to reduce refraction at high magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What resolution does a microscope need to be in to distinguish if two cells are separate cells

A

0.2 um (with a long tail in the beginning of the u)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define resolution

A

The ability to distinguish two adjacent points as distinct objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is resolution determined by

A

Resolution (resolving power) is determined by the wavelength of light used and the lens quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does it mean to have a smaller resolution value

A

It means the microscope is better (ex: the shorter the distance between two objects can be before they appear as a single object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of cells can be stained?

A

Live or unstained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does staining improve?

A

Contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of stain is used on live cells

A

Vital stains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is a mordant used?

A

It may be used to fix the stain or coat the specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stain molecules are usually ___?

A

Charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define fixation?

A

Tissue (cells) treated with a chemical that kills them and links the proteins together (preserves structures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of stain is a gram stain

A

Differential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When is the gram stain done?

A

Often the first test done when identifying a bacteria culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How important is the gram stain?

A

It is the most important prokaryote staining technique to date - modern and historic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the gram stain reveal?

A

It reveals two types of bacterial cell walls (gram - and gram +)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What chemical is used for primary stain?

A

Crystal Violet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What chemical is used for mordant?

A

Iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What chemical is used for decolourizing agent?

A

Alcohol-acetone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What chemical is used for counterstain?

A

Safranin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What colour are gram + and gram - stains in primary stain?

A

Gram +: Purple

Gram -: Purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What colour do gram + and gram - stain with mordant
Gram +: Purple | Gram -: Purple
26
What colour do gram + and gram - stain with decolourizing agent?
Gram +: Purple | Gram -: White
27
What colour do gram + and gram - stain with counterstain?
Gram +: Purple | Gram -: Pink
28
Give an example of Gram + and what colour do they stain?
Staphylococcus aureus | They stain purple
29
Give an example of Gram - and what colour do they stain?
Echerichia coli | PInk
30
What do bacterial cell walls contain?
Mycolic Acid (waxy) and do not take up most stains
31
Name a bacteria you would stain using an acid-fast stain?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
32
What is the other name for acid fast staining?
Ziel-Neelson Acid Fast Stain
33
What does the acid do in acid-fast staining?
Acid is used to decolourize
34
What does the 'fast' do in acid-fast staining?
Fastness = stainis 'locked in'
35
How does acid-fast staining work?
It can be stained with concentrated dye + heat | - These organisms resist decolourization by dilute acid
36
What is the primary stain in acid fast staining?
Heat + Carbol Fuchsin
37
What is the decolourizing agent in acid-fast staining?
Acid alcohol
38
What is the counterstain in acid-fast staining?
Methylene blue
39
What colour do acid-fast and non-acid fast bacteria stain with primary stain?
Acid-Fast: Pink | Non-Acid-Fast: Pink
40
What colour do acid-fast and non-acid fast bacteria stain with decolourizing agent?
Acid-Fast: Pink | Non-Acid-Fast: White
41
What colour do acid-fast and non-acid fast bacteria stain with counterstain?
Acid-Fast: Pink | Non-Acid-Fast: Blue
42
Describe the 3 steps of acid fast staining
1. Stain (carbol fuschin) is driven into the cells with heat 2. Cells are then decolourized with acid-alcohol - All cells (except acid fast bacteria) will decolourize 3. Other cells are then counterstained with methylene blue
43
What colour do mycobacterium tuberculosis stain?
Red/Pink
44
What colour do you stain the endospore stain?
Red/Pink
45
What type of stain is a capsule stain?
A negative stain
46
What colour do capsule stains?
Purple with a white capsule around it
47
What colour do flagellas stain?
Red/Pink
48
What does a fluorescence microscope use to see structures and at what resolution?
Use florescent stains to illuminate specific cellular structures at high resolution
49
What does a confocal microscope use to see things and at what depth?
Confocal microscopy used lasers to focus light or excite fluorescent dyes at precise depths
50
What can you see under the fluorescent and confocal microscope?
Mucus and debris | - Mycobacterium tuberculosis
51
Name the order of the electromagnetic spectrum from best resolution to worst
- Gamma Rays - Electron Waves - X-rays - UV radiation - Visible light - Infrared radiation - Microwaves - Radio waves
52
The colours of the rainbow consume what?
Visible light (400-700 nm)
53
The Electron Microscope does what?
Forms images using electrons instead of light
54
How are electrons focused in the electron microscope?
With magnets rather than glass lenses
55
What does the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) do what to electrons?
Heavy metal coating reflects secondary electrons
56
What bacteria can you see with a SEM?
Escherichia coli
57
What animal can you see with a SEM?
Mosquito
58
What does TEM stand for?
Transmission Electron Microscope
59
Describe 3 things about the TEM
- specimen must be extremely thin - electrons pass through the specimen - specimens are stained with heavy metals (eg. tungstun)
60
What is the magnification of TEM?
10,000 - 100,000x
61
What components of E.Coli can you see under the TEM microscope?
- E. coli plasma membrane - Bdellovibrio - E. coli cell wall
62
What are TEMS used to study?
Mainly used to study the internal structure of cells
63
What type of bacteria can you see with a TEM?
Bacilllus coagulans
64
What components of a Bacillus coagulans can you see with a TEM?
- Capsule - Cell wall - Plasma membrane - Ribosomes - Nucleoid (you can not see the flagella, fimbriae, or bacterial chromosome)
65
What is the illumination of a light microscopy?
Light
66
What is the illumination of an electron microscopy?
Electrons
67
What type of lense(s) do light microscopes have?
Glass/Plastic/Quartz
68
What type of lens does electron microscope have?
None
69
What type of view does the light microscope have?
Eye, camera
70
What type of view does the electron microscope have?
screen, photograph paper
71
Does the light microscope have colour?
Yes
72
Does the electron microscope have colour?
No
73
Are specimens alive in the light microscope?
They can be dead or alive
74
Are specimens alive in the electron microscope?
They are dead
75
What are the techniques for the light microscope?
- Oil immersion - staining - fluorescence/confocal
76
What are the techniques for the electron microscope?
- SEM | - TEM
77
What is the cost/ease of the light microscope?
Easy and cheap
78
What the cost/ease of the electron microscope?
It is expensive and requires training
79
What is the magnification of the light microscope?
100-1000x
80
What is the magnification of the electron microscope?
SEM: up to 250,000 TEM: up to 1,000,000X

Microbiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions