Topic 2-Development Dynamics Flashcards

Question

Poverty measure

Answer 1

The % of people in a country living below an internationally agreed minimum standard ($1.25 a day).

Answer 2

The Gini coefficient measures how equally shared wealth is in a country. It shows inequality in a score between 0 (everyone is equal wealth) and 100 (inequality).

Answer 3

The percentage of population with access to an improved (piped) water supply within 1km of their home.

Answer 4

The percentage of the population aged over 15 who can read and write a basic sentence.

Answer 5

A measure of the level of government openness. A low score (0) is corrupt and a good score (10) means an honest/open country.

Answer 6

A number that is calculated using data showing the status of women in society. It includes: women’s access to education, jobs and political rights. The higher score, the better.

Answer 7

It measures whether income is unequally distributed within a country. A coefficient of 100 would mean that one person had all the money, a score of 0 means everyone has the same.

Answer 8

Number of lives births per 1000 people per year

Answer 9

Number of deaths per 1000 annually

Answer 10

Amount of people relying on working population. A high dependency ratio can be bad.

Answer 11

(Number of dependence (retired/children)/working age people) x 100

Answer 12

Average number of births per in her reproductive life

Answer 13

Number of mothers per hundred thousand who die in childbirth

Answer 14

Very high proportion of young people, high birth rate and thus a very high dependency rate on young people

Answer 15

Concave sides show high death rate

Answer 16

Birth rates and fertility rates will fall because more people will be working full-time due to greater employment rates in more developed countries due to better education. Furthermore, there is more access to contraceptives, reducing birth rates and fertility rates.

Answer 17

Hospitals with better educated staff are used for birth, decreasing potential of desth during birth. Furthermore, improved water quality reduces potential of disease which children are particularly vulnerable to furrher faciliated by the use of vaccinations.

Answer 18

Those in more developed societies with imporved educatiins and thus greater wages will have better access to medical care and money to spend on treatement on affects of old age

Answer 19

Decreased birth rates and greateer life expectancy results in a generalky smaller young population with a greater older population as old population grows at a greater rate due to imprived ,edical care and greater emplyment rates, meaning families will have fewer children as they arn)t generally ncessary for physical labour.

Answer 20

Trade deficit Debt High birth rate Landlocked, difficult to trade due to poor transport and connectivity Lack of equipment/technology Little access to clean water results in waterborne diseases

Answer 21

Malawi is 121st worst corruption. It’s score is 3.8 out of 10 which is bad. This means a lack of investment to peoples education and health.

Answer 22

Civil unrest: following anti-government protests, Britain halted all aid to Malawi, accusing government of mishandling the economy and failing to invest in people

Answer 23

Terms of trade: Malawi imports less than it exports, resulting in a trade defecit. It mainly exports primary goods. The country loses money each year. Imports almost 2x as much as a exports.

Answer 24

Malawi has no coastline. It has no port from which to export or import goods. Reaching the coast involves a slow, 800 km single track railway.

Answer 25

Malawi’s poverty makes the country heavily dependent on international aid, reducing political independence. can increase political instability, crime and discontentment in poor countries meaning more civil wars are likely to develop- money spent on military rather than development

Answer 26

Many developing countries don’t have ability to combat HIV/AIDS. Over 775, million in developing countries cannot read or write limiting their education and ability to work consequently reducing their overall income and resulting in further poverty: negative cycle of decline

Answer 27

Developing countries lack ability to pay for food, agricultural innovation and investment in rural development

Answer 28

Poor farming practices lead to environmental degradation Lack capacity to adapt to climate change induced droughts Raw materials exploited with limited economic benefit to developing countries and little concern for environment

Answer 29

if the land is too steep, it cannot provide lots of food.As there is cold environments and shallow soils which may be prone to mass movements (landslides) Difficult to develop infrastructure, thus limiting trade and making it difficult to provide basic services

Answer 30

lack of clean water and poor healthcare means many suffer from disease. Ill people cannot contribute to economy as they work less: less money available to spend on development whilst increased spent on healthcare

Answer 31

often at a lower level of development when they gain independence European countries colonised much of Africa in 19 century. Controlled their economy, removed materials and slaves, and sold back expensive manufactured goods

Answer 32

corrupt governments can hinder development, using money needed for infrastructure or development Countries with poor global International relations are less likely to get trade agreements and loans to invest in developmental projects

Answer 33

climate topology Education Health Colonialism Politics Neo-colonialism

Answer 34

An American economist who worked in the US government of the end of the second world war. And communist, believed poverty was reason why China and other countries had overthrown governments and become communist.

Answer 35

In 1960 published his theory usually named Rostow’s model

Answer 36

traditional society: most people work in agriculture and produce little surplus Preconditions for takeoff: increase in manufacturing. Trading increases profit which are invested into new industries and infrastructure. Takeoff: growth is rapid. Investment and technology creates new manufacturing industries requires investment from profits earnt from trade. Drive to maturity: a period of growth. Economic growth extends to all part of the economy. New industries develop for consumer goods Drive to high mass consumption: economic system self sustaining as people byproducts and services, keeping businesses going. Welfare systems developed.

Answer 37

In 1967 dependency theory was developed by the economist Andre Frank. He believed that development was about two types of global regions: core and periphery.

Answer 38

Represents developed nations such as North America, Europe, and Australasia

Answer 39

Consists of other areas producing raw materials to sell to the core

Answer 40

Low value raw materials are traded between periphery and core. The core processes these into higher value products facilitating further development. Rich countries sell manufactured goods and services at high countries to developing countries

Answer 41

lack of detailed explanation about progress of development between each stage Assumes that all countries start with the same resources and other geographical factors

Answer 42

One large circle Outer ring is per periphery Middle ring is semi periphery Centre ring is core 2 arrows, goods from core to semi periphery and resources from semi periphery to core Two arrows, goods from core to periphery, resources from periphery to core

Answer 43

Many countries in developing world that were never colonised remain poor, whereas some former colonies are now developed Countries that follow the socialist model have mostly remained poor some poor countries have successfully developed

Answer 44

The process by which the places in the world are becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent as a result of the huge increase in the global trade of goods, global companies, movement of people and cultural exchange between different areas of the world.

Answer 45

Transnational corporation to companies that produce and sell products and are located in more than one country

Answer 46

By linking together countries through production and sale of goods. They also bring the culture from their country of origin to many different countries. through FDI into manufacturing processes in foreign countries. Large companies move into foreign countries for manufacturing their product at a lower rate. More job opportunities- foreign economic growth

Answer 47

TNCS also promote a culture of consumerism – where countries in emerging and developing countries start to earn money and then want to buy the products that they see in developed countries

Answer 48

Planned and organised by locals Targets poorest areas

Answer 49

Projects help small numbers Rely on voluntary donations- limited funding

Answer 50

benefits larger communities- provides jobs for local communities Other industries benefit- multiplier effect- as large infrastructure or government projects create immediate employment and stimulate related businesses.

Answer 51

Schemes are expensive Locals have little say/ contribution

Answer 52

Intergovernmental organisations- An entity created by treaty, involving two or more nations to work on issues of common interest

Answer 53

Use of low-tech solutions using local materials, labour and expertise to solve issues

Answer 54

NGO aid- ASTRA Biogas aid

Answer 55

IGO aid- Sardar Sarovar Dam

Answer 56

to reduce unpaid work for the collection of firewood before paid work for heating The source of biogas is simple and accessible in rural areas Helps families to use biogas for cooking using available resources, cow dung, and used for powering electricity at night- intermediate technology

Answer 57

aims to supply water to local communities and dry areas Use of natural reservoir Large profit for government in reducing energy used for electricity- can be used to invest in other developmental schemes and infrastructure Provides electricity to local communities Provides 3.5 billion litres of drinking water daily Network of canals used to irrigate farmland and areas suffering from droughts

Answer 58

Local residents: Villages flooded, displacing people from of their local area Few rural families can afford price of electricity from the scheme

Answer 59

Economics Social Environmental

Answer 60

GDP and GDP per capit Poverty line Economic inequality

Answer 61

Life expectancy Literacy rate Infant morality rate

Answer 62

Pollution Area of woodland/green space

Answer 63

Education: Poor education → fewer qualifications → unemployment, poverty, and lack of skilled workers (e.g. doctors, teachers). Limits access to university and affects healthcare and teaching quality. Health: Lack of doctors or free healthcare → worse health in poorer countries. Mosquitoes spread malaria in hot regions; mining/industrial work causes respiratory diseases and cancers. Historically Disadvantaged: Former colonies often poorer because ruling empires (e.g. British Empire) took more resources than they gave, leaving weaker economies.

Answer 64

when rich, developed countries (HICs) still control or influence poorer countries (LICs/NEEs) indirectly, rather than through direct political rule like in the past.

Answer 65

Debt, aid, trade, foreign investment (FDI), and political influence.

Answer 66

Aid that comes with conditions — e.g. the receiver must buy goods or services from the donor country.

Answer 67

Limited industrialisation — stuck exporting cheap resources. Debt traps — can’t afford to invest in healthcare, education, or infrastructure. Can lead to unequal relationships between countries (Global North vs Global South).

Answer 68

High income country

Answer 69

Low-income country

Answer 70

Governments who force themselves in power or to stay in power for longer Police and government who receive bribes to change laws or ignore criminal activity Money goes missing, especially aid, which should have gone to benefiting the population

Answer 71

Site of a settlement is the land upon which it occurs

Answer 72

10°N to 30°N - • Most of the country is tropical climate • Tropical monsoons are common in late summer • Major rivers like the Indus are over 10x longer than UK's longest • 13 times bigger than the UK 3.3 mill KM^2 - • South Asian continent - • Surrounded by Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal/Arabian Sea - • Many major cities such as Mumbai, New Delhi (capital) • Major mountains (Himalayas) to the north

Answer 73

The location of a place in relation to other places around it.

Answer 74

- Part of neither Nato or alliance with Russia (Non-aligned movement) - • Part of G20, Commonwealth and UN - • Surrounded by rich countries such as: China, Indonesia, UAE, Thailand -• 15 major sea ports and 30 international airports

Answer 75

-We can see due to its site India's geographical location has encouraged its economic growth. It forms part of a sub-continent known as Southern Asia.With the Himalayas as a natural geographical barrier to the north, it looks south, east and west to trade with its neighbours. -We can see its situation has allowed for free trade with many diﬀerent nations within the UN.Has acess to trade with richest countries in the world.Due to having many ports and airports it allows for world wide trade,both exports and imports.

Answer 76

Low education levels in rural areas limit skills and reduce access to higher-paid jobs. Poor healthcare and sanitation lead to disease and lower productivity. Gender inequality restricts women’s access to education and employment. Rapid population growth puts pressure on services like schools, hospitals, and housing.

Answer 77

India was colonised by Britain and gained independence in 1947. The English language legacy helps it connect to the global economy. The country is split economically between rural agriculture and urban industrial growth. India is also part of major global political groups like the G20 and the United Nations (UN). -take part in peacekeeping missions -very good democracy

Answer 78

India has one of the richest biodiversities on Earth, home to 6% of the world’s bird and plant species, including tigers and elephants. However, rapid population and economic growth cause severe land, air, and water pollution, making India the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Its climate ranges from tropical in the south to alpine in the north, and the monsoon—the world’s most powerful weather system—brings essential rainfall for farming but can also cause flooding.

Answer 79

1991-1.2 trillion 2014-7.3 trillion 2021-14.6 trillion

Answer 80

Export 1991-17.2 billion 2014-342 billion 2021-468 billion Import 1991-24.7 billion 2014-508 billion 2021-903 billion

Answer 81

Something which is bought into india

Answer 82

Something which is sold to another country from india.

Answer 83

1991-1150 2014-5800 2021-10,175

Answer 84

1995-5.6 billion 2000-16.3 billion 2014-252.3 billion

Answer 85

1995-0.5 billion 2000-1.7 billion 2014-129.6 bil

Answer 86

Shift from agriculture to higher-wage manufacturing & services. Rural life declining; people move to cities for jobs in growing industries.

Answer 87

Outsourcing is when a company hires another company (often in a different country) to do work or provide services that could be done internally.

Answer 88

India has mainly benefited from service-based outsourcing, especially in the IT and call centre industries. Many TNCs have outsourced customer support, software development, and data processing to India. This is because India has a large, well-educated, English-speaking workforce and lower labour costs.

Answer 89

-High ferility,birth rates -high death rate

Answer 90

-fertility rates fall as women become more independent. -life expectancy increases

Answer 91

-low fertility rate -low death rate -high expectancy rate

Answer 92

Free trade — governments increase globalisation by promoting free trade, e.g. reducing tariffs on goods. This means it's much easier to move goods, money and services between countries. Investment - governments compete with each other to attract investment by INCs. They think th. + TNCs will bring jobs, increase income from taxes and promote economic growth in their country. Privatisation — governments hand over services and industries to private companies, e.g. in the UK, some rail services are now run by companies from Italy, Germany and France.

Answer 93

large, cheap workforces governments open to foreign investment less strict environmental, labour and planning laws • lots of cheap raw materials • reasonable infrastructure available land

Answer 94

Often used for large projects, eg. dams for hydroelectric power (HEP) or irrigation schemes. • These aim to solve large scale problems and improve the lives of lots of people.

Answer 95

Usually small-scale, e.g. building or maintaining a well in a village. They often aim to improve the quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable people in society

Answer 96

Projects are usually much cheaper. Most money comes from charities, which often rely on donations from people in richer countries.

Answer 97

The projects are often high-tech and energy intensive. The construction usually involves machinery and technology, which is often operated by skilled workers from developed countries rather than local people. The recipient country becomes dependent on technology and workers from the donor country for operation and maintenance.

Answer 98

Projects involve intermediate technology. Local materials are used and local people are employed. This means people have the materials and skills to maintain the project.

Answer 99

Projects are designed to address the needs of people local to where the projects are carried out. Locally available, cheap materials are used so the community isn't dependent on expensive imports. Projects are labour intensive — they create jobs for local people

Answer 100

Projects are often small-scale, so they may not benefit everyone. Different organisations may not work together, so projects may be inefficient.

Answer 101

IGOs can afford to fund large infrastructure projects in developing and emerging countries Projects can improve the country's economy, helping with long-term development, e.g. HEP stations may promote industry, which provides jobs and boosts the economy. Projects can also improve people's quality of life, as people have better access to reliable power, clean water etc.

Answer 102

Large projects are often expensive and the country may have to pay back the money (if it's a loan). This can lead to lots of debt. They may not benefit everyone — e.g. HEP may not supply power to remote areas. Projects tend to be energy intensive — they use scarce resources, release greenhouse gases and lead to loss of ecosystems.

Answer 103

TNCs provide employment for local people. More companies mean a greater income from taxes for the host country. TNCs may also invest in infrastructure, improving roads, basic services and communication links in the area. This may improve the quality of life of local people.

Answer 104

1) Some profits leave the host country. 2) TNCs can cause environmental problems - developing countries may have less strict environmental regulations, leading to e.g. the dumping of toxic waste. 3) TNCs may move around the country to take advantage of local tax breaks, leaving people jobless as the company moves on.

Answer 105

Mobile phones: >50% Indians own one → small businesses ↑ income. Transport: 12 major ports, 20+ intl. airports, rail = 8 bn passengers/yr + 3 m tonnes freight/day → easier trade, attracts TNCs. TNCs: Microsoft, Nokia, Unilever, Coca-Cola outsource manufacturing/IT → jobs, tax revenue, new tech/practices.

Answer 106

1991: US $2.2 bn IMF aid → cut tariffs on imports. 2009: Free + compulsory primary education → 96% enrolment → skilled workforce. Infrastructure: Upgraded rail, new roads/airports (e.g. Delhi metro) → faster travel. FDI: Top destination; Singapore, Mauritius, Japan, USA invest in land/buildings → relaxed foreign ownership rules.

Answer 107

High birth rate with falling dearh and infant mortality due to better health care and health education. -increasing young population,increasing life expectancy. -fertility rate falls. -urban areas are growing because of migration. 26% in urban in 1990,33% in 2015. -4 megacities.

Answer 108

All age groups have better health: • Elderly people are living longer. • There is a lower infant mortality rate. • There is a lower maternal mortality rate. Some age groups have better education: • Higher education has given young graduates access to better-paid jobs, e.g. in technical firms and ICT. • Many adults have better literacy. There can be better gender equality: • Women have better access to education - literacy rates for Indian women have increased from 34% in 1991 to 59% in 2011. • Women have better access to contraception and family planning advice.

Answer 109

-poor working conditions with dangerous jobs. -children in poor areas might get poor education. -children might work in agricultural laboratories to support family. -still high levels of gender inequality in new dehli. 20% increase on crimes on women 2014-2015

Answer 110

-higher energy consumption -increased demand for fossil fuels more factories and cars mean more air pollution. -urban sprawl leads to land and watee pollution-means high levels of sewage enters rivers -in berangalu in india 19 lakes have been drained in order for land to make homes. Due to increasd waste this caused as a results schools have been shut down due to the poor air pollution as it is dangerous for children

Answer 111

-india used to have a poor relationship but is improving. -usa sees india as a hige market for renewable and nuclear energy. -usa expects the economic development of india to increase trade,empoyment and economic growth

Answer 112

-good relations with EU,strategic parteners in 2004. -engaged negotations in 2022 for free trade. -eu supports health and education programmes in india to promoted continued development.

Answer 113

-Allows young people to move to urban areas with high job opportunity and a chance to climb up the social ladder. -Doesnt force them to work in agriculture

Answer 114

-can leave rural areas without a young,working population. -causes old people to not be able to retire. -Young people who move to big citys may have little savings and cannot afford to live therefore becoming homeless.

Answer 115

Call centres. Most Indian call centre employees (see Figure 1) are graduates earning £3000 a year (20% of what BT has to pay in the UK). • Software development. Universities such as Bangalore provide technically-qualified graduates who enable BT to develop and support its broadband product out of India. • Company administration, e,g. accounting.

Answer 116

Bt-new delhi through its software development takes place in bangalore. Software development

Answer 117

Bilateral aid (also known as 'tied aid') - the country receiving the aid must spend the money on goods and services from the country providing it

Answer 118

Multilateral aid - high-income countries donate money through organisations such as the United Nations (UN) and the World Bank

Answer 119

Aid from charities

Answer 120

Mumbais eastern free way.

Answer 121

Growing the product

Answer 122

Producing and processing this product.

Answer 123

Person who sells this product or service

Answer 124

Person who markets this product or service

Answer 125

Frank categorised countries into core and periphery regions (1). The core / developed nations produce manufactured goods (1) therefore the periphery depends on the core for manufactured goods

Answer 126

country or group that have a dominating power and influence anywhere in the world. E.g the UK has disproportionate impact in current affairs.

Answer 127

The NDB wanted to provide resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICs and other emerging developing countries India now has a seat and a ‘voice’ in overcoming international challenges of international financial stability and security for example G20 means Indian investment and influence is being spread around world/region theough outward FDI

Answer 128

Maharashtra Bihar

Answer 129

High North

Answer 130

-Many ports,railway,motorways -High levels of it jobs,outsourcing

Answer 131

No transport Substance farming

Answer 132

Due to low levels of education with only 47% being literate additionally due to the main sector being agriculture this causes low GDP and poor attraction of FDI from tncs. High dependency ratio as many in rural areas like bihar are moving to urban

Answer 133

-High levels of education and healthcare which means high levels of GDP and GDP per capita.More investment in universities so more migrate to this urban area. This is also due to having transport links which as a result aids trade.

Answer 134

-industrial growth means more factories leading to more chemical waste and discharged chemicals into the rivers. -Economic development increases demand for food, so farmers use more fertilisers and pesticides. During rainfall, these chemicals wash into rivers and lakes.

Topic 2-Development Dynamics Flashcards

(161 cards)