Topic 3: Coastal Landscapes and Change Flashcards
(229 cards)
How can we classify coastlines?
- Geology: the type of rock influences the resulting type of coast, e.g. rocky cliffs or coastal plains.
- Energy levels: creates high or low energy coastlines .
- Balance: deposition and erosion have a balance which either leads to coastlines being built or eroded away.
- Sea level: changes in sea levels results in submergent or emergent coastlines.
What are the types of rock?
- sedimentary
- igneous
- metamorphic
Sedimentary rock:
Form from the build up, compacting, and hardening if sediments into layer over time by lithification.
- Older sedimentary rock can be very resistant.
- Younger sedimentary can be more easily eroded, e.g. clays
- the average rate of erosion of sedimentary rocks is 2 - 6cm per year.
Metamorphic rock:
Highly resistant rock formed from the change in the structure of sedimentary and igneous rocks, caused by variations in heat and pressure. e .g. slate, marble and schist.
- the process of change is referred to as the rocks having been metamorphosed..
- marble is a np example of a M rock that has been formed from the changing structure of limestone caused by the re-crystallisation of calcite.
- M rocks are resistant to erosion
Igneous rock:
Highly resistant rock produced by volcanic activity, e.g basalt and granite. Form from the crystallisation of magma.
- they here more resistant to erosion and weathering as they contain crystals which increase the strength of the rocks and reduce the number of lines of weaknesses that would be exploited by physical processes.
- they can either be intrusive (formed from magma inside the Earth) or extrusive (formed when magma escapes through vents on the Earth’s surface).
- average rate of erosion of igneous rocks is 0.1 - 0.5cm per year
What is the littoral zone?
- the littoral zone is a series of sub-zones to represent the features of the wider coastline from sea to land.
- it includes four key sub-zones: offshore, foreshore, backshore and nearshore.
- this zine reaches dynamic equilibrium where there is a balance between inputs and outputs.
- short term factors: individual waves, daily tide and seasonal storms.
- long term factors: climate chnage and sea level changes.
The littoral zone inputs and outputs
Sediment is the key input and output of the system and is determined by:
- inputs - the action is waves, currents and wind.
- outputs - washed out into the sea by erosion.
Coastal system inputs:
- Marine: waves, tides, storm surges
- Atmospheric: weather/ climate, climate change, solar energy
- Land: rock type and structures, tectonic activity
- People: human activity, coastal management
Coastal system processes:
- weathering
- mass movement
- erosion
- transport
- deposition
Coastal system outputs:
- erosional landforms
- depositional landforms
- different types of coasts
High energy coastlines:
Rocky coastlines are generally found in high-energy environments.
High energy coasts are characterised by:
- destructive waves
- long fetches
- high rates of erosion
- caves, arches, stacks and stumps
- cliffs and wave-cut platforms
High energy coastlines in the UK:
- stretches if the Atlantic - facing coast, where the waves are powerful for much of the year (such as Cornwall or northern Scotland)
- the rate of erosion is higher than the rate of deposition
- erosional landforms, such as headlands, cliffs and wave-cut platforms tend to be found here
Low energy coastlines:
Sandy coasts are generally found in low-energy environments.
Low energy coasts are characterised by:
- constructive waves
- shorter fetches
- higher rates if deposition
- spits and bars, beaches, sand dunes and salt marshes.
Low- energy coastlines in the UK:
- stretches of the coast where the waves are less powerful, or where the coast is sheltered from large waves (such as Lincolnshire and Northumberland)
- the rate of deposition is higher than the rate of erosion
- landforms such as beaches, spits and coastal plains tend to be found here.
Lithology definition:
Geological structures and characteristics
Joints definition:
(Vertical cracks) - these are fractures caused either by contraction as sediments dry hit, or by earth movements during uplift.
Dips definition:
Refer to the angle at which rock strate lie (horizontally, vertically p, dipping towards the sea, dipping inland)
- bedding planes that dip towards the sea create a gentler cliff profile, but these cliffs are vulnerable to mass movement processes, like rockfalls.
- bedding planes that dip towards land tend to create a steeper cliff profile, but these cliffs are more vulnerable to erosion processes, like hydraulic action and abrasion.
Faults definition:
Formed when the stress or pressure to which a rock is subjected, exceeds its internal strength (causing it to fracture). The faults then slip or move along fault planes.
- rocks with the presence of more joints and faults, like sedimentary rocks, are more susceptible to the processes of erosion and weathering. This is because these processes exert forces on the weaknesses found in the layers of the rocks.
Folding definition:
Formed by pressure during tectonic activity, which makes rock buckle and crumple (e.g. the Lulworth Crumple)
Strata definition:
Layers of rock
Concordant coastlines - what are they?
Concordant coastlines have alternating bands of hard (more resistant) and soft (less resistant) rock parallel to the coast.
A resistant rock is eventually eroded - allowing the sea to break through to the less resistant rocks behind. Erosion follows quickly.
E.g. this has led to a formation of a small bay or cove at Lulworth.
Discordant coastlines:
- Discordant coastlines have alternating bands of hard and soft rock at 90 degrees to the coast.
- Erosional landforms are more common on discordant coastlines because erosion happens at different rates along their length.
- more resistant rock leads to headlands
- less resistant rock forms bays
Discordant coast - Isle of Purbeck:
- Bagshot and Tertiary beds consist of unconsolidated clays which are less resistant and have formed a large bay at Studland.
- chalk is strong and resistant therefore has led to the Foreland headland.
- Wealden bed also consists of unconsolidated material and has led to the formation of Swanage Bay.
- Purbeck and Portland beds consist mainly of limestone . This is resistant and has led to headlands at Peveril point and Durlston Head.
What are Dalmatian coasts?
- another type of concordant coastlines
- they have formed as a result of a rise in sea level. Valleys and ridges run parallel to each other and when the valleys flood because of a rise in sea level, the tops of the ridges remained above the surface if the sea - as a series of offshore islands that run parallel to the coast.