Topic 4: Regenerating Places Flashcards
1
Q
Regeneration definition:
A
- redeveloping former industrial areas or outdated housing to bring about economic and social change.
- regeneration plans focus on the fabric (…) of a place: new buildings and spaces with new purposes.
2
Q
Rebranding definition:
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- ways in which a place is deliberately reinvented for economic reasons, and then marketed using its news identity to attract new investors.
3
Q
What makes a place distinctive?
A
- physical landscapes: which result from geology and landscape processes (such as erosion).
- human landscapes: which are often linked to physical factors. Local geology has produced Yorkshire’s gritstone buildings, e.g. Leeds Town Hall.
- economic past: Leeds Town Hall dates from the city’s wealthy Victorian industrial past. Many of West snd South Yorkshire’s towns and cities have grand civic buildings like this.
Other things that make a place distinctive include:
- its religious past: Places of worship - churches, mosques, temples or synagogues - form the heart of many places.
- it’s food and drink: with regional specialities such as Yorkshire pudding.
- how it’s portrayed in the media: Books, film and TV often characterise places - e.g. Coronation Street (Manchester) of Doc Martin (Port Isaac in Cornwall)
4
Q
Place definition:
A
- an area or location, shaped by internal connection and external connection. Place can only hold a bit of …
5
Q
Why do young people move to work in London?
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Two long-term economic changes in the UK:
- the decline of the primary and secondary sectors
- the growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors.
6
Q
Classifying employment - economic sectors:
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- primary sector: producing food crops and raw materials (e.g. farming, mining, forestry)
- secondary sector: manufacturing finished products
- tertiary sector: providing services, either in the private sector (e.g. retail, tourism) or public and voluntary sectors (e.g. health care, education)
- quaternary sector: providing specialist services in finance and law, of industries such as IT and biotechnology.
- quinery sector:
7
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Other ways of classifying employment
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The sector terms do not fully describe a person’s job, position, or their hours. To overcome this, there are tiger classifications depending on whether jobs are:
- full-time (35 hours per week) or part-time (under 35 hours)
- temporary or permanent
- employed or self-employed
8
Q
Primary sector and secondary sector:
A
- 1980s: Conservative government planned changes to the UK economy.
- goods produced by primary and secondary industries in the UK were often more expensive than the equivalent goods produced overseas. Reasons for this include:
+ British coal was located deeper underground and was more expensive to mine than in many other countries.
+ UK wages were often higher than those overseas - making British products more expensive. Tis led to the growth of manufacturing in Asia die to its cheaper labour costs, led to cheap imported goods.
9
Q
Tertiary sector:
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- particularly in tourism and retail.
- these areas grew because of higher incomes, cheaper air travel and increased car ownership.
- some parts of the Uk also sought to rebrand their past to create a new image (e.g. Liverpool). But, unlike the former industrial jobs, many of these new jobs are seasonal (tourism in summer and retail at Christmas), and are often low paid and part-time.
10
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Quaternary sector:
A
- has shown the fastest growth. This is called the knowledge economy, and it provides highly specialised jobs that use expertise in fields such as finance, law and It.
- the biggest of these fields is banking and finance; international banks in London generate huge wealth.
- they can be described as footloose as they can locate anywhere. Their locations are often chsoen according to financial incentives (e.g. low tax rates) and connectivity (good transport links and super fast broadband are vital).
- growth in the Quaternary sector has concentrated in London’s Docklands.
- quaternary salaries are much higher than the average, so divisions in wealth between the north and south of the UK has widened.
11
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Quinery sector:
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- the professions of the people working in this industry are generally referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions since the services included in the sector focus on interpretation of existing or the ideas, evaluation of new technologies, creation of services.
- it is one of the parts of the tertiary sector, but it involves highly paid professionals, research, scientists and government officials. The people are designed with high postions and powers, and these who make important decisions that are especially far-reaching in the world around them often belong to this category.
12
Q
What has happened to the primary and secondary sectors?
A
- primary and secondary sectors declined.
- in the 1980s, the Conservative government planned changes to the UK economy - often called the old economy.
- goods produces by primary (e.g. coal mining) and secondary (e.g. manufacturing) industries in the UK were often more expensive than the equivalent goods produced overseas.
- large numbers of UK mines and manufacturing plants closed during the 1980s, creating derelict land. Employers like these had provided mainly full-time, well-paid jobs. The closures particularly affected northern England, the Midlands, Wales and Scotland, where unemployment soared.
13
Q
What has happened to the tertiary and quaternary sectors?
A
- sectors grew
- to place the lost jobs in the primary and secondary sectors, the government encouraged the growth of a new post-industrial economy - sometimes called the new economy.
14
Q
Why are goods produced overseas?
A
Reasons include:
- British coal was located deeper underground and was more expensive to mine than in many other countries.
- UK wages erre often higher than those overseas - making British products more expensive. The growth of manufacturing in Asia, with its cheaper labour costs, led to cheap imported goods.
15
Q
Why was rebranding in Liverpool needed?
A
- in the 18th and 19th century, Liverpool was a huge port that handled thousands of tonnes of imports and exports per day.
- however in the 1980s it experiences industrial decline as the docks closed. As a result, there were high levels of crime and vandalism and economic and social deprivation.
16
Q
How was it rebranded?
A
- after race riots in Toxteth, the Merseyside Development Corporation set about reclaiming 4km(2) of derelict land by creating new housing and thousands of new jobs.
- the first flagship regeneration project was the Albert Dock, which was a former derelict dock that was made an attraction in 1988. Today it attracts over 4 million visitors a year.
- rebranding was done un three ways: culture, shopping and the Waterfront.
17
Q
Liverpool - culture:
A
- Liverpool has a rich history of music (the Beatles) as well as two premier league football teams.
- in 2003 Liverpool was awarded the European Capital of Culture 2008 the since the city has been transformed with major investment.
- over £2.8 million was spent in the city, in which it was said to have boosted the economy by £800 million in 2008 alone.
- over 15 million visitors were attracted for the 700 cultural events that were being held in one year. As a result all tourist attractions saw increased visitor numbers, Albert Dock saw 30% increase.
18
Q
Liverpool - the Waterfront:
A
- awarded a UNESCO World Heritage site for the important history the dock held. It was regenerated a second time with Albert Dock reinventing itself after the departure of surface one media companies.
- a new £19 million liner terminal has been built at Princess Dock, with the Pier Head, where Merseyside Ferries depart being regenerated by the extension of the Leeds-Liverpool canal.
- the rebuilding of the Museum of Liverpool also occurred with the total cost being £10 million and opening in 2010.
19
Q
Liverpool - shopping:
A
- Liverpool used to be the 3rd most visited shopping destination in the 1960s. However dropped below Manchester into 17th in 2002. Although has made a comeback since 2008 with it being the place where shoppers would spend the most money after London, Glasgow, Manchester and Birmingham.
- 17 hectares site mixes transport, retail, warehousing and some housing and was known as Paradise Projection with its work starting in autumn 2004.
- development contains 160 stores, additional elements of leisure and dining (14 screen cinema, cafes and bars) over 600 residential units, offices, public open space and transport improvements,
- privately developed and cost over £1 billion.
20
Q
Socio-economic inequalities:
A
- regional inequalities
- variations in quality of life
- occupation and life expectancy
- income and health
- variations in educational achievement.
21
Q
What are the causes of socio-economic inequalities?
A
- job type of the cause of many other inequalities. London’s position as the UK capital means that incomes there are far higher than elsewhere. This leads to other inequalities in areas such as health and education.
22
Q
Regional inequalities:
A
- incomes vary regionally. Incomes in London are the highest because:
- it’s the capital, so incomes are higher in senior positions in government, the civil service snd un major company headquarters.
- those who work in the Docklands-based knowledge economy have higher incomes than the average.
- 58% of jobs in London occur in the three highest- income categories (mangers, directors and senior officials; professional; associate professional and technical) and only 22% of jobs in the lowest three categories (caring, leisure and other services; elementary occupations; sales and customer services)
- in areas such as Yorkshire and Humber, the equivalent percentages are 41% and 31%.
23
Q
Variations in quality of life:
A
24
Q
Occupation and life expectancy:
A
-
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Income and health:
-
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Variations in educational achievement:
- London has the highest percentage of good GCSE passes and those qualified up to university degree level, with North East England being the lowest.
- this doesn’t mean that there is something about London that makes students there more able to pass GCSEs, nor does it mean that schools are poorer-quality elsewhere. The relationship is linked to employment - those with the highest qualifications are more likely to work in London and move there.
- their children are also more likely to pass GCSEs with high grades - the result of factors such as paying for extra tuition, or a home culture of doing homework.
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Brick Lane - location:
- located in the East End of London, specifically in the ward of Spitalfields and Banglatown in the borough of Tower Hamlets
- runs from Bethnal Green in the north through Spitalfields to southern end which is connected to Whitechapel.
- Brick Lane is 3.7 miles from central London making it easy to commute to the city.
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Brick Lane - history (early history):
- been in existence since 1500s. Named after Brick kilns brought by early Flemish settlers.
- in 1666 the brewery industry was active. Joseph Truman brought the brewery in 1679 and was extended until eventually closing in 1980s.
- 1680s: French Huguenots fleeing persecution came to the area from Nantes, Lyon, etc. They brought their silk weaving skills with them and influence still exists today.
- Jewish community settled in 17th century, established themselves as financiers and traders. By 1700 Jewish population in the area was 8000.
- buildings developed as the area did - 1743 Huguenot church was established.
- market developed during the 18th century and still exists today on Sundays.
-1880s: Russian Jews began to arrive.
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Brick Lane - history (later history):
- Jewish population moved to other areas in London in 1930s.
- WW2 caused Bengalis to come to London. They established themselves finding work in Jewish tailoring or creating their own businesses, e.g. famous curry restaurants.
- over time Flemish, French, Jewish, Bengalis and Russians have been welcomed.
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Brick Lane - history (modern day):
- home to diverse mix of fashion, art, entertainment, retail and start-up businesses.
- richness and complexity of the area is due to the ,any influences throughout history.
- millions visit each year.
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Brick Lane - demographics:
- population of 12,578 in 2011. 5% of total TH population
- 53.9% males and 46.1% females
- 58% were of BME ethnicity compared to average London borough of 54%
- Bangladeshi population was 41% also higher than the average
- 38% Muslim - higher than 12% of London borough
- 80.1% of people were between the ages of 16-64
- high proportion of people between the ages of 20-40 due to a wide range of jobs available due to proximity to the city.
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Brick Lane - land use:
- Brick Lane is predominantly retail shops, restaurants, pubs and cafes. However upper storeys include offices and residential houses.
- 59 Brick Lane:
- first established as a church by the French Huguenots who were fleeing persecution in France. This was in 1743. This lasted for six decades.
- due to the large population of Jewish people from Central Europe and Russia the building became the 'Spitalfields Great Synagogue in the late 19th century.
- however many Jewish people migrated to other areas resulting in the synagogue losing worshippers and closing down.
- in 1976 it reopened as a mosque due to the increasing population of people from Bangladesh moving into the area.
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Brick Lane - deprivation:
- Tower Hamlets has the highest rate of child poverty across all London boroughs at 56%. London borough average is 37%.
- S+B unemployment rate is 13.8%, borough is 12%.
- TH is 10th most deprived borough in London.
- proportion of socially rented housing is lower than average London borough and 26% of housing is owner-owned.
- however there are 420 new affordable, social and other discounted houses being built over last three years which is the highest of any other borough.
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Brick Lane - transport:
- good links to the city and West End due to its sufficient underground, bus and rail networks. Several underground stations, e.g. Liverpool Street, Aldgate East and Shoreditch High Street.
- Liverpool Street Station has national links as well as to London and surrounding areas.
- also access to the DLR
- TH borough is home to London City Airport which handles 4.3 million passengers annually.
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History of Bromley?
- borough has expanded over time to take in areas of surrounding districts, e.g. Farnborough or Hayes.
- largest borough in London in terms of size (150km2)
- greenest borough in London
- slight shift from Market Town to a more residential area - Shortlands/Bromley south train stations (1860s)
- served as a stopping point between London and Kent towns
- Established as a market ton by King John in 1205
- commuter town
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Bromley demographics:
- least densely populated borough
- population of 330,000 people
- unemployment rate - 4.4%
- child poverty rate is 26%, lower than London average of 37.
- 77.4% of residents are white British, compared to BME 8.4%
- women occupy 69% of highest paid jobs and 82% of lowest paid jobs (2018)
- Bromley has a pay inequality that is somewhat higher than the average borough - women's hourly pay is 15.7% less than males.
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Bromley - education:
- variety of schools; independent, state-funded, further education and specialist and alternative schools.
- 119 schools
- 76 primary
- 17 secondary
- 2 grammar schools
- 5 preparatory schools
- 11 special and alternative schools
- further education - Bromley College of Further and Higher Education
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Bromley - cultural capital:
- home to a number of theatres - main one is Churchill theatre. Opened in 1977 by Prince of Wales
- 14 libraries
- sport: 4 Non-league football clubs, e.g. Bromley FC, and 4 rugby clubs including Beckenham RFC - founded in 1933.
- many public spaces - e.g. Queen's gardens and Church House Gardens.
- 135 churches within the borough
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Bromley - house prices:
- average house price in the borough is £598,000 increased by 5% over the last 12 months.
- average house price in the England is approximately £285,000 (3.9% increase over last 12 months)
- house prices are increasing due to increased demand and shortage of houses for sale.
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How were the London Docklands regenerated?
-
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Which players are involved in regenerating London Docklands?
- property owners keen to purchase land (the former Port of London was government-owned)
- architects
- investors
- construction companies
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What did the LDDC focus on?
1 - economic growth
2 - infrastructure
3 - population and housing
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Economic growth:
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Infrastructure:
Accessibility and connectedness have both been key to the success of the Docklands regeneration. New transport development have included:
* extending the Jubilee Line on the London Underground
* developing the Docklands Light Railway (a surface light rail network, covering most of the Docklands)
* building new roads, such as the Limestone Road Link
* creating London City Airport (5km from Canary Wharf), to provide access to the City and Canary Wharf for business travellers.
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How has population and housing been transformed?
The Docklands population has also been transformed:
- many older people have moved out - often retiring to the Essex coast, e.g. to Southern-on-Sea.
- the older residents have been replaced by a much younger generation; the average age of Newham’s population was 31 in 2011, compared to a UK average of 40.
- the ethnic composition of the East End has always been diverse, but large-scale immigration since 2000 has increased its mix. Newham is now London’s most ethically diverse borough.
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What are the problems remaining - London Docklands regeneration?
- regeneration has not removed deprivation from Docklands; high-income earners are in the minority.
* those in poor health are often unable to work, and are concentrated in what remains of low-cost social housing. This has led to high deprivation in Tower Hamlets and Newham.
* the Borough of Tower Hamlets had the lowest average life expectancy in London in 2012 (77 years)
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Why is HS2 needed?
- road congestion has increased in many years. 1958 - 4.5 road users, in 2013 this increased to 35 million with the number continually increasing.
- rail travel offers an alternative although is now at its highest level. 2014 - 1.65 billion passenger journeys. Therefore other railway lines such as HS2 are needed.
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HS2 route?
- phase 1: London Euston to Birmingham Curzon Street
- phase 2: will lead north-west to Manchester and north-east to Leeds (via Sheffield and the East Midlands)
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Benefits of HS2?
- 60,000 jobs created in construction
- rail journeys will be significantly reduced, e.g. London to Birmingham reduced from 80 minutes to 49.
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Costs of HS2?
- planned route passes through the Chilterns and Midlands which many deem to be picturesque and therefore are against the plans. Here land value will be reduced, there will be a loss of wildlife and habitats and many areas will be polluted.
- this route also means that there will be no intermediate stations and will only link major cities. Therefore many local residents don’t benefit from the plans.
- Time: due to begin construction in 2017 however was pushed back due to rising costs. Due to be complete during the 2040s which is still a long while away.
- many now work from home after COVID-19 and therefore has minimal benefits.
- cost of £88 billion. Has to be funded by government due to being too expensive for private companies. Money used for the project may be better spent on improving current infrastructure or investing into the public sector, e.g. the NHS.
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Benefits of 2012 regeneration?
- 560 acres of parkland, with trails, play areas, walking and cycling routes.
- improved transport - easy access to London.
- improved area: office developments in a district branded as the ‘International Quarter’ consisting of 400,000m2 of offices, a 4-star hotel and 330 new homes (creating 25,000 jobs)
- residential areas, e.g. Chobham Manor and Sweetwater, which will provide 9000 new homes by 2025.
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Costs of 2012 regeneration?
- whilst there are many new houses, they are unaffordable due to the regeneration. Increasing prices in this newly desirable area have made property extremely expensive. Affordable housing is needed.
- Stratford East - its 450 residents were relocated to social housing throughout London - breaking up the community and a promise to rehouse them after 2012 was never honoured.
- the initial plan was to re-model the athletes village into 3000 new affordable housing units. However with government cuts this intention has been reduced to 800 and instead of low-earning groups those who earn £60,000 a year nor qualify instead.
- furthermore, the Olympic venues were sited on a former industrial estate where 207 companies employed 5000 workers - all of whom had to be relocated. As a result many workers had to face a longer commute.
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Why was regeneration needed in Cornwall?
- lack of rural services - people either chose to move away or not to move there in the first place.
- deindustrialisation due to decline in agriculture. This created a negative multiplier effect.
- lack of good transport links from London and other areas. Many people (particularly those which were young) moved away due to seeing no economic future due to no economic growth or creation of jobs
- Southwest Studios went bankrupt in 2004. This employed 200 people and received £2 million annually.
- 20% of Cornwall's population earn less than living wage (37.45 in 2014)
- annual wage is £25,155 - 77% of national average.
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How has Cornwall been regenerated?
- Watergate Bay
- the Eden Project
- food restaurants, e.g. Fifteen
- Combined Universities in Cornwall (CUC)
- Wave hub
- Superfast broaband
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What is Watergate Bay?
- Extreme Sports Academy at Watergate Bay targets young adult group.
- offers courses in surfing, kite surfing and wave skiing.
- owners also own Watergate Bay hotel which is open all year round and employs 50-60 people.
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What is CUC?
- to grow the 'knowledge economy' in Cornwall, University Falmouth College joined forces with the University of Exeter to create the Combined Universities in Cornwall project along with Truro and Penwith colleges.
- offer degree courses and help individuals set up their own businesses or find jobs within the 'knowledge economy'.
- the 'student' economy has resulted in a healthy rental property market and thriving evening economy with bars and restaurants.
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What is the wave hub?
- wave-research-project 16km off the coast of north Cornwall. It was installed in 2010 and acts as a 'socket' for wave energy converters to be plugged into.
- cost of £42 million and will be funded by:
+ SWRDA - £12.5 million
+ the EU - £20 million
+ UK govt - £9.5 million
- aims to earn £76 million over 25 years for Cornwall's economy and create 176 jobs.
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How have food restaurants helped the regeneration of Cornwall?
- 'Fifteen' is run by Jamie Oliver and opened in 2006.
- trains people in catering. Fifteen 16-24 year olds from disadvantaged backgrounds are chosen each year.
- work in the restaurant, training at Cornwall College and in the kitchens by professional chefs.
- profits fund further training and development.
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What is the Eden Project?
- opened in 2001.
- consists of two large conservatories which exhibit world's major plant types - as well as education centres about sustainable living.
- it transformed the landscape from former China clay quarry to a completely reimaged environment.
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What are advantages of the Eden Project?
- generated £1 billion for the Cornish economy
- employed 650 people directly and supported 3000 related jobs
- raised Cornwall's profile alongside Tate St Ives and Stein's restaurant in Padstow.
- created 2000 jobs and an economic impact of £200 million per year.
- encouraged wider investment from South West Regional Development Agency. This helped to regenerate St Austell town centre
- developed Cornwall's tourism as all year round.
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What are the disadvantages of the Eden Project?
- expensive for locals and therefore they aren't benefitting from the regeneration
- large amount of congestion. Roads aren't designed for large numbers and is also more polluting for the environment.
- extremely high carbon footprint due to specialising equipment and materials being needed.
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Players involved with Cornwall's regeneration:
- EU
- UK central govt agencies
- local government
- environmental stakeholders
- stakeholders in local economy
- stakeholders in people
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Cornwall regeneration - EU
- convergence funding has been granted to Cornwall since 1999.
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Cornwall regeneration - UK central govt agencies:
- South West Regional Development Agency (SWRDA) made investment grants that came from central govt, however SWRDA was abolished in 2010
- most investment grants have been cut and are now given out by central govt directly
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Cornwall regeneration - local government:
- the public sector (e.g. NHS and Cornwall Council) is Cornwall's largest employer
- since 2010, Cornwall Council has had no start-up funding to offer potential businesses. However does offer rebates in business taxes as part of enterprise zone at Newquay
- local enterprise partnership supports business growth but little funding is available.
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Cornwall regeneration - stakeholders in local economy:
- biggest players are the banks, which have cut back investment in small businesses since banking crisis of 2008.
- biggest industries are tourism, food and farming. They want greater economic expansion.
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Cornwall regeneration - environmental stakeholders:
- Cornwall's biggest asset is its scenery and environment. The National Trust, Royal Horticultural Society and English Heritage all own large areas of land.
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Cornwall regeneration - stakeholders in people:
- education, e.g. CUC
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About Plymouth:
- known for its naval history. The city's Devonport Dockyard was the largest naval base in Western Europe. However it was heavily bombed during WW11 and many buildings had to be rebuilt
- in 2021 census, Plymouth had a population of just over 242,000.
- the Navy still provides many jobs however defence budget costs has meant the economy has to rely on innovative services and cultural sectors through marine and maritime businesses.
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How was Plymouth regenerated?
- Plymouth university has 27000 students and the city is focused on education. There are many new university buildings including the Marine Building which cost £20 million.
- culture has featured heavily during plans including Royal William Yard being redeveloped into new apartments, restaurants and 'Ocean Studios'
- house prices have managed to stay relatively low despite regeneration with the average being £165000 which has meant more young graduates remain in the area than before.
- 2014: 'City Deal' was signed which brought in millions of pounds of investment and created 1200 jobs
- City was awarded £670,000 of funding from Crown Estate to improve coastal areas.
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What was Royal William Yard?
- named after the Lord High Admiral, King William IV. Upon entry there is a 13 foot stone statue of King William.
- it used to be a Royal Navy victualling facility, producing an abundance of vital food, drink and supplies
- however the yard was closed by Ministry of Defence (MOD) in 1980s and the yard's elegant buildings fell into despair.
- during the early 90s the site's future seemed to move between several developers. However Urban Splash got their hands on the derelict site in 2004, bringing it back to life and fit for the future.
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Examples of other developments in Plymouth:
- Drake Circus Shopping Centre
- Plymouth Hoe
- Marine Building and Wave Machine
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Regeneration in Plymouth - Drake Circus Shopping centre:
- prior to redevelopment, lots of shops were empty and the general layout was ineffective for locals
- newly developed Drake Circus shopping centre opened in 2006 and was funded by P&O Estate and Morgan Stanley
- it houses 66 shops and a number of restaurants and bars
Although opinion was divided about the
design and look of the exterior architecture,
it is the biggest shopping centre in the
South-West of England.
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Regeneration in Plymouth - Plymouth Hoe:
- home to Tinside Lido as well as Smeaton's Tower Lighthouse and also has a famous statue of Francis Drake.
- the site hosts many annual events such as Plymouth Armed Forces Day and British Firework Championships.
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Regeneration in Plymouth - Marine Building and Wave Machine:
- located at Plymouth University and one of the most advanced in the world.
- used for research and commercial purposes.
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Regional and national influences on Bromley?
- commuter down due to location - 10 miles from Central London. Good transport links and schools
- students go to universities
- younger workers who work in city - live in Bromley near station
- 'clone town'
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international and global influences on Bromley?
- Charles Darwin, HG Wells and David Bowie are widely recognised
- twinned with a town in Germany - Neuwied
- international businesses - TK Maxx, Lidl, Aldi, Zara, etc
- Bank of America
- huge commuter population
- Asia (8.3%), black (7.6%), mixed (5.4)%
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Regional and national influences on Brick Lane?
- Development of Canary Wharf has led to large inequalities within the borough of Tower Hamlets
- 'arty' - due to graffiti
- cultural hub of the area
- gentrification has occurred which has driven up house prices
- chain stores - mainly estate agents
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international and global influences on Brick Lane?
- high migration from Bangladesh - diverse
- French and Russian influence in the past
- Foodie street - bagel shops and curry restaurants - international influences
- tourism - 'culture'
- Truman Brewery
- clear international influence
- road signs n Bengali
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What is global shift + how has it shifted?
- in the 1970s and 1980s, the global shift began - this is the movement of manufacturing from Europe and the USA to many countries within Asia - e.g. India and China.
- three factors have accelerated global shift:
* India beginning to allow overseas companies access to their markets
* TNCs began to seek nee areas for manufacturing (China) and outsourcing services (India).
* FDI began to flow into emerging and re-emerging Asian countries.
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Social benefits of global shift - reductions in poverty?
- 300 million Chinese people are considered to be middle class.
- 2022: 45% of the population will be classed as urban middle class.
- poverty in China has reduced significantly. Between 1981 and 2010, China reduced the number of people living in poverty by 680 million.
- it has also achieved a reduction in its extreme poverty rate from 84% in 1980 to 10% in 2016.
- although 20% still live on less than $2 daily, many cope with low incomes due to remittance payments.
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Social benefits of global shift - better education and training?
- education is free and compulsory in China between the ages of 6 and 15.
- 94% of the population over 15 are now littered - compared to 20% in 1950.
2014: 7.2 million people graduated university - 15 times higher than in 2000. This growth in higher education has helped to create a skilled workforce for the Chinese economy’s expanding knowledge and service sectors.
- However, again there is a large rural-urban divide - with per capita spending varying from $2000 in Beijing to $300 in Guizhou.
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Social costs of global shift - unplanned settlements?
- rapid industrialisation in China has created an urgent need for more urban housing, resulting in a large increase in informal homes.
- land prices have rocketed and made decent housing unaffordable, particularly near city centres.
- two types of illegal housing have emerged:
* expanded housing in villages located on the edge of cities. Villagers add extra storeys to houses which they rent out to migrant workers.
* farmland is privately developed for housing without permission.
- may cause homeless which is a large social cost.
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Social costs of global shift - pollution and health problems?
- Chinese economic growth has caused environmental issues affecting human health.
- 100 cities suffer from extreme water shortages, and 360 million Chinese do not have access to safe drinking water.
- China’s air pollution, caused mostly by coal-fired power stations in Beijing is so bad they have frequent pollution alerts. In 2015, a US climate research organisation calculated that Chinese air pollution kills an average of 4400 people every day (1.6 million annually).
- air pollution caused asthma, lung cancer and heart problems.
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What is Watergate Bay?
- Extreme Sports Academy at Watergate Bay targets young adult group.
- offers courses in surfing, kite surfing and wave skiing.
- owners also own Watergate Bay hotel which is open all year round and employs 50-60 people.
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Regional and national influences on Bromley?
-
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About regeneration in Glasgow:
- Glasgow was known for its shipbuilding industry which supported other industries such as coal, engineering and steel.
- however cheaper overseas competition in late 20th century led to the collapse of the industry causing reliant industries to also collapse (domino effect)
- in 2015, only three shipyards remained along the Clyde
- project was managed by Glasgow City Council in partnership with Scottish govt.
- tertiary and quaternary sectors began to grow
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Regeneration - arts, culture, sport and tourism:
- European Capital of Culture in 1990, UK's City of architecture and design in 1999 and hosted successful 2014 Commonwealth Games.
- UK and Scottish govts invested into new Burrell Collection to create an internationally famous art museum as a way of attracting more tourists.
- also invested into Riverside Museum of Transport and Travel, Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre and Glasgow Science Centre.
- Titan Crane was also refurbished and made into a tourist attraction and local landmark
- aim behind the regeneration was to increase tourism and therefore increase economic and employment opportunities in bars, restaurants hotels and retail, multiplier effect.
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Regeneration - residential developments:
- houses were built along the Clyde as were restaurants and shops to regenerate the area.
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Regeneration - residential developments:
- houses were built along the Clyde as were restaurants and shops to regenerate the area.
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Regeneration - media:
- BBC Headquarters for Scotland's TV and radio broadcasting opened in 2007 and STV is located nearby - both in former shipyard areas.
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What are the different sources of investment?
- private-sector investment
- public-sector investment
- public-private partnerships
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What is private sector investment?
- example: Westfield Shopping Centre in Stratford - Europe's biggest shopping centre.
- retail-led regeneration and provided 10000 new jobs
- Westfield: Australia property company have a 50% stake in the Centre and borrowed £700 million to build this.
- it is recovering its costs by leasing space to retail companies. In the first four years, annual turnover was £1bn, which added hugely to local economy.
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What is public-sector investment:
- recent example is London's 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
- UK govt bid for the 2012 Games, supported by the London Assembly and Mayor.
- Games cost £9.3bn to host however these costs were recovered through ticketing, TV sponsorship and post-Games sales of apartments and houses in the Athlete's Village.
- against many expectations the Olympic Games were delivered on time, under budget and at a profit.
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What are public-private partnerships?
- example: London Docklands regeneration in 1980s and 1990s.
- involved partnership between govt (financial grants and land) and property developers (who ensured regeneration would create economic growth, housing and jobs)
- govt regarded costs as economic investment as well as being socially advantageous -reducing unemployment and social problems.
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London Olympics - major features of Olympic Park, post-2012:
- Velodrome - still holds national and international cycling events
- the Orbit - viewing platform offering views of central and East London
- London Stadium - now home to WHFC and used for athletic events (e.g. Invictus Games and 2017 World Athletic events)
- Copperbox
- Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis
- Lee Valley velo-park
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London Olympics - regeneration vision:
- There area was hugely deprived before the Olympics came to the area.
- There was a severe lack of affordable housing in the area and many social problems such as a high crime
rates
- The unemployment rate in August 2010 was 12.9% compared to the England average of 7.8%.
- After the closure the dockyard in 1981 there was 120,000 jobs losses with 60% of males adults being
unemployed. This lead to a spiral of declines as many people left the area, causing there to be a lack of
service, and ultimately a lack of investment.
- it was thought that the games could help to build a process of convergence and recue gap between rich and poor. Also make it attractive to tourists.
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New developments in Olympic Park:
- office developments in district branded as 'International Quarter' - consisting of 400,000 m2 of offices (likely to be bank), a 4-star hotel and 330 new homes (creating 25,000 jobs)
- residential houses, e.g. Chobham Manor and Sweetwater, which will provide 9000 new homes by 2025.
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Who were the key players involved before and after 2012 Games?
- UK central government agency
- local government - the elected councils
- regional government - London Assembly
- stakeholders in local economy
- environmental stakeholders
- stakeholders in people
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UK central govt agency:
- the London Legacy Development Corporation (LLDC) is an appointed agency, funded by central govt, to oversee the legacy development of the Olympic Park
- success criteria include the use of Olympic venues post-2012, increasing employment and more housing.
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Local govt - elected councils:
- four London boroughs shared the hosting of the Games (Tower Hamlets, Newham, Hackney and Waltham Forest) and they all wanted regeneration to continue post 2012.
- however they has no planning control of new developments - this is done by LLDC.
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Regional government - London Assembly:
- Mayor of London and elected London Assembly were responsible for ensuring that transportation was effective during the Games, as well as supporting the expansion of housing and East London economy after 2012.
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Stakeholders in the local economy:
- Olympic venues were sited on a former industrial estate, where 207 (mostly locally owned) companies employed 5000 people - all of whom were compensated to move
- however there were still objections.
- many companies relocated within the local area, but many workers still faced a longer commute.
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Environmental stakeholders:
- collapse of manufacturing industry in the Lea Valley following 1981 closure of original docks led to widespread dereliction.
- Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park has cleaned up and re-landscaped the whole area.
- new wetlands now form part of the park, and breeding boxes and nesting sites have ensured rising numbers of species such as newts, bats, fish and birds.
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Stakeholders in people:
- the biggest - and most contested - legacy of 2012 has been over housing. Increasing prices in this newly-desirable area has led to property extremely expensive. Affordable housing is needed for those on low incomes to rent
-Athletes' Village is on the site of a former housing co-operative for low-income residents. 450 residents had to be relocated to social housing through London - breaking up the community. A promise to re-house them after 2012 was never honoured.
- initial plan, post 2012, was to re-model Athlete's Village into 3000 affordable housing units. However with govt cuts, this recued to 800 and instead of low-income groups those earning £60,000 a year now qualify.
