Topic 4: Regenerating Places Flashcards
Regeneration definition:
- redeveloping former industrial areas or outdated housing to bring about economic and social change.
- regeneration plans focus on the fabric (…) of a place: new buildings and spaces with new purposes.
Rebranding definition:
- ways in which a place is deliberately reinvented for economic reasons, and then marketed using its news identity to attract new investors.
What makes a place distinctive?
- physical landscapes: which result from geology and landscape processes (such as erosion).
- human landscapes: which are often linked to physical factors. Local geology has produced Yorkshire’s gritstone buildings, e.g. Leeds Town Hall.
- economic past: Leeds Town Hall dates from the city’s wealthy Victorian industrial past. Many of West snd South Yorkshire’s towns and cities have grand civic buildings like this.
Other things that make a place distinctive include:
- its religious past: Places of worship - churches, mosques, temples or synagogues - form the heart of many places.
- it’s food and drink: with regional specialities such as Yorkshire pudding.
- how it’s portrayed in the media: Books, film and TV often characterise places - e.g. Coronation Street (Manchester) of Doc Martin (Port Isaac in Cornwall)
Place definition:
- an area or location, shaped by internal connection and external connection. Place can only hold a bit of …
Why do young people move to work in London?
Two long-term economic changes in the UK:
- the decline of the primary and secondary sectors
- the growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors.
Classifying employment - economic sectors:
- primary sector: producing food crops and raw materials (e.g. farming, mining, forestry)
- secondary sector: manufacturing finished products
- tertiary sector: providing services, either in the private sector (e.g. retail, tourism) or public and voluntary sectors (e.g. health care, education)
- quaternary sector: providing specialist services in finance and law, of industries such as IT and biotechnology.
- quinery sector:
Other ways of classifying employment
The sector terms do not fully describe a person’s job, position, or their hours. To overcome this, there are tiger classifications depending on whether jobs are:
- full-time (35 hours per week) or part-time (under 35 hours)
- temporary or permanent
- employed or self-employed
Primary sector and secondary sector:
- 1980s: Conservative government planned changes to the UK economy.
- goods produced by primary and secondary industries in the UK were often more expensive than the equivalent goods produced overseas. Reasons for this include:
+ British coal was located deeper underground and was more expensive to mine than in many other countries.
+ UK wages were often higher than those overseas - making British products more expensive. Tis led to the growth of manufacturing in Asia die to its cheaper labour costs, led to cheap imported goods.
Tertiary sector:
- particularly in tourism and retail.
- these areas grew because of higher incomes, cheaper air travel and increased car ownership.
- some parts of the Uk also sought to rebrand their past to create a new image (e.g. Liverpool). But, unlike the former industrial jobs, many of these new jobs are seasonal (tourism in summer and retail at Christmas), and are often low paid and part-time.
Quaternary sector:
- has shown the fastest growth. This is called the knowledge economy, and it provides highly specialised jobs that use expertise in fields such as finance, law and It.
- the biggest of these fields is banking and finance; international banks in London generate huge wealth.
- they can be described as footloose as they can locate anywhere. Their locations are often chsoen according to financial incentives (e.g. low tax rates) and connectivity (good transport links and super fast broadband are vital).
- growth in the Quaternary sector has concentrated in London’s Docklands.
- quaternary salaries are much higher than the average, so divisions in wealth between the north and south of the UK has widened.
Quinery sector:
- the professions of the people working in this industry are generally referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions since the services included in the sector focus on interpretation of existing or the ideas, evaluation of new technologies, creation of services.
- it is one of the parts of the tertiary sector, but it involves highly paid professionals, research, scientists and government officials. The people are designed with high postions and powers, and these who make important decisions that are especially far-reaching in the world around them often belong to this category.
What has happened to the primary and secondary sectors?
- primary and secondary sectors declined.
- in the 1980s, the Conservative government planned changes to the UK economy - often called the old economy.
- goods produces by primary (e.g. coal mining) and secondary (e.g. manufacturing) industries in the UK were often more expensive than the equivalent goods produced overseas.
- large numbers of UK mines and manufacturing plants closed during the 1980s, creating derelict land. Employers like these had provided mainly full-time, well-paid jobs. The closures particularly affected northern England, the Midlands, Wales and Scotland, where unemployment soared.
What has happened to the tertiary and quaternary sectors?
- sectors grew
- to place the lost jobs in the primary and secondary sectors, the government encouraged the growth of a new post-industrial economy - sometimes called the new economy.
Why are goods produced overseas?
Reasons include:
- British coal was located deeper underground and was more expensive to mine than in many other countries.
- UK wages erre often higher than those overseas - making British products more expensive. The growth of manufacturing in Asia, with its cheaper labour costs, led to cheap imported goods.
Why was rebranding in Liverpool needed?
- in the 18th and 19th century, Liverpool was a huge port that handled thousands of tonnes of imports and exports per day.
- however in the 1980s it experiences industrial decline as the docks closed. As a result, there were high levels of crime and vandalism and economic and social deprivation.
How was it rebranded?
- after race riots in Toxteth, the Merseyside Development Corporation set about reclaiming 4km(2) of derelict land by creating new housing and thousands of new jobs.
- the first flagship regeneration project was the Albert Dock, which was a former derelict dock that was made an attraction in 1988. Today it attracts over 4 million visitors a year.
- rebranding was done un three ways: culture, shopping and the Waterfront.
Liverpool - culture:
- Liverpool has a rich history of music (the Beatles) as well as two premier league football teams.
- in 2003 Liverpool was awarded the European Capital of Culture 2008 the since the city has been transformed with major investment.
- over £2.8 million was spent in the city, in which it was said to have boosted the economy by £800 million in 2008 alone.
- over 15 million visitors were attracted for the 700 cultural events that were being held in one year. As a result all tourist attractions saw increased visitor numbers, Albert Dock saw 30% increase.
Liverpool - the Waterfront:
- awarded a UNESCO World Heritage site for the important history the dock held. It was regenerated a second time with Albert Dock reinventing itself after the departure of surface one media companies.
- a new £19 million liner terminal has been built at Princess Dock, with the Pier Head, where Merseyside Ferries depart being regenerated by the extension of the Leeds-Liverpool canal.
- the rebuilding of the Museum of Liverpool also occurred with the total cost being £10 million and opening in 2010.
Liverpool - shopping:
- Liverpool used to be the 3rd most visited shopping destination in the 1960s. However dropped below Manchester into 17th in 2002. Although has made a comeback since 2008 with it being the place where shoppers would spend the most money after London, Glasgow, Manchester and Birmingham.
- 17 hectares site mixes transport, retail, warehousing and some housing and was known as Paradise Projection with its work starting in autumn 2004.
- development contains 160 stores, additional elements of leisure and dining (14 screen cinema, cafes and bars) over 600 residential units, offices, public open space and transport improvements,
- privately developed and cost over £1 billion.
Socio-economic inequalities:
- regional inequalities
- variations in quality of life
- occupation and life expectancy
- income and health
- variations in educational achievement.
What are the causes of socio-economic inequalities?
- job type of the cause of many other inequalities. London’s position as the UK capital means that incomes there are far higher than elsewhere. This leads to other inequalities in areas such as health and education.
Regional inequalities:
- incomes vary regionally. Incomes in London are the highest because:
- it’s the capital, so incomes are higher in senior positions in government, the civil service snd un major company headquarters.
- those who work in the Docklands-based knowledge economy have higher incomes than the average.
- 58% of jobs in London occur in the three highest- income categories (mangers, directors and senior officials; professional; associate professional and technical) and only 22% of jobs in the lowest three categories (caring, leisure and other services; elementary occupations; sales and customer services)
- in areas such as Yorkshire and Humber, the equivalent percentages are 41% and 31%.
Variations in quality of life:
Occupation and life expectancy:
-