Topic 7: Superpowers Flashcards
Superpower definition:
- a country with dominating power and influence anywhere in the world, sometimes in more than one region of the globe at one time.
What are the key factors which can help assess superpower status?
- physical size and position
- economic power and influence
- demographic factors
- political factors
- military strength
- cultural influence
- access to natural resources
Physical size and position:
- important as they determine the area over which a country has potential influences.
- larger countries usually have greater resources and influence. For example Russia (17 million km2) is the world’s largest country and as a result controls significant resources - e.g. the Arctic region. Under the influence of Canada and Russia as they are the largest countries bordering the region.
- however Russia’s relations with neighbours are complex as there are 14 of them - varying from Norway to China.
Economic power and influence:
-
Demographic factors:
- population size can be key to economic success, e.g. by providing a sufficient labour force to generate economic growth.
- China and India use large populations as a source of cheap labour in manufacturing.
- large population spurs economic growth as it provides a market. E.g. the EU member states have access to a single market of over 500 million people.
- However a large population isn’t critical to power, e.g. Singapore’s population is around 4 million although has a major influence of southeast Asia’s economy through attracting investment.
Political factors:
- few individual countries hold much influence in their own right. Therefore most have decided that greater influence can vary achieved by linking up with like-minded countries.
- in 1960, OECD began with 20 of the world’s most developed economies as founding members, and it now has 35. Its aim is to produce and promote global development by sharing common issues and policies.
- other international organisations have superseded OECD - for example G8 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, USA) and the G20. Moreover between its members it represents half of the global population.
Military strength:
- major influence in deterring power. Most countries use military forces tool protect themselves against challengers.
- however, military is often less significant than national defence budgets and technologies. The USA dominates all over countries in terms of military budget and capability, with 37% of all global military spending.
- China has expanded its military and their focus ie on the security of the South China Sea. China aims to dominate the seas as far as First Island.
- many countries regard membership of the UN Security Council as the ultimate status in military power. It’s job is mainly a balancing act to approve military intervention only when the intervention is justified in particular conflicts.
Cultural influence:
- ## increased globalisation has led to a global culture spread via multimedia. TNCs such as Disney or Sony. They dominate global culture by deciding what films people can watch, which radio stations they can listen to and what music is recorded and played.
Access to natural resources:
Hyper power definition:
- a completely dominant superpower.
- e.g. Britain from 1850-1910 and the USA from 1990-2010
Emerging superpowers definition:
- countries which have already large and/or growing economic, military and political influence.
Regional powers definition:
- countries who have major influence at a continental but not global scale.
- e.g. countries such as South Africa who exert power within the African continent.
Hard power definition:
- where countries exert power through military force.
Soft power definition:
- how countries can make themselves look attractive and appealing; therefore encouraging others to follow them.
What is ‘smart power’?
- a combination of hard and soft power.
Why is ‘smart power’ needed?
- military conflict often doesn’t go as planned and can fail to achieve aims
- soft power may not be enough to persuade countries.
Examples of hard power:
- threat of military action
- deployment of troops
- military testing
- creation of economic and military alliances (e.g. NATO)
- the use of economic sanctions to damage an economy.
Examples of economic power:
- economic or development aid from one country to another
- signing favourable trade agreements to increase economic ties.
Examples of soft power:
- the cultural attractiveness of a nation, e.g. promoting positive ideologies
- the values and ideologies of some nations being seen as attractive
- the moral authority of a nation’s foreign policy.
Why is military force kit used as much as it used to be?
- ideologies have changed. However, they do still employ the threat of nuclear power when they feel necessary.
- e.g. Russia 2022.
Key examples of hard power?
- Gulf War and Afghanistan War
- Annexation of Crimea
- Ukraine and Russia
Hard power example - Gulf War and Afghanistan War.
- US invasion involved hard power to achieve aims by force.
Hard power example - Annexation of Crimea:
- in 2013 Russia’s actions towards Ukraine resulted in economic sanctions from the EU and the USA.
Hard power example - Russia/Ukraine 2022 War:
- both sides using hard power while proxy countries are using both hard and soft power.