Topic 4: Joints and Muscle Tissue Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What is an articulation?
A
A joint where two or more bones meet, allowing movement and providing support.
2
Q
Name the main components of an articulation.
A
- Articular cartilage
- joint capsule
- synovial membrane
- ligaments
- tendons
- bursae
- menisci.
3
Q
Types of joints
What is a synostosis?
A
An immovable joint formed when two bones fuse, like the frontal bone in adults.
4
Q
Types of joints
What type of tissue connects bones in fibrous joints?
A
Dense connective tissue; no joint cavity.
5
Q
Fibrous Joints
What are sutures?
A
Immovable joints between skull bones.
6
Q
Fibrous Joints
What are gomphoses?
A
Peg-in-socket joints, such as teeth anchored by periodontal ligaments.
“gom” = gum
7
Q
Fibrous Joints
What are syndesmoses?
A
Slightly movable fibrous joints connected by ligaments or membranes (e.g., tibia and fibula).
8
Q
Cartilaginous Joints
What connects bones in cartilaginous joints?
A
Cartilage only; no joint cavity.
9
Q
Cartilaginous Joints
What are synchondroses?
A
Joints where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage (e.g., epiphyseal plates, first rib–other ribs are joined to the sternum by synovial joints).
10
Q
Cartilaginous Joints
What are symphyses?
A
Joints connected by fibrocartilage; slightly movable (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs).
11
Q
Synovial Joints
What is a synovial joint?
A
A freely movable joint with a cavity filled with synovial fluid.
12
Q
Synovial Joints
What is the function of the articular capsule?
Also called the joint capsule.
A
Encloses the synovial joint; consists of an outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane.
13
Q
Synovial Joints
What is the synovial cavity?
A
A space between bones filled with synovial fluid for lubrication.
14
Q
Synovial Joints
What is synovial fluid?
A
A fluid that lubricates, nourishes cartilage, and reduces joint friction.
15
Q
Synovial Joints
What is the role of articular cartilage?
A
Covers bone surfaces to reduce friction and absorb shock.
16
Q
Synovial Joints
What are menisci?
A
Fibrocartilage pads in some joints that improve fit and absorb shock. High impact joints like the knees have menisci, low impact joints like phalanges do not.
17
Q
Synovial Joints
What are fat pads in joints?
A
Masses of adipose tissue that cushion and protect joints.
18
Q
Synovial Joints
What are bursae?
A
Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction between moving structures near joints.
19
Q
Synovial Joints
What is a tendon sheath?
A
An elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon to reduce friction.
20
Q
Intervertebral discs
What is the annulus fibrosus?
A
The tough outer ring of an intervertebral disc made of fibrocartilage.
21
Q
Intervertebral discs
What is the nucleus pulposus?
A
The soft inner core of an intervertebral disc that absorbs shock.
22
Q
Intervertebral discs
What is a protruding disc?
A
When the nucleus pulposus bulges outward but hasn’t ruptured the annulus fibrosus.
23
Q
Intervertebral discs
What is a herniated disc?
A
When the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus, possibly pressing nerves.
24
Q
Shoulder joint
What is the glenoid labrum?
A
A fibrocartilage rim that deepens the glenoid cavity for shoulder joint stability.
25
# Shoulder joint
What is the coraco-acromial ligament?
Connects coracoid process to acromion; prevents upward displacement of humeral head.
26
# Shoulder joint
What is the acromioclavicular ligament?
Connects acromion to clavicle; stabilizes the shoulder joint.
27
# Shoulder joint
What is the coracoclavicular ligament?
Connects coracoid process to clavicle; helps suspend scapula.
28
# Elbow joint
What is the annular ligament of the elbow?
Encircles the radial head, securing it to the ulna in the elbow joint.
29
# Elbow joint
What is the radial collateral ligament?
Connects lateral epicondyle to radius; stabilizes lateral elbow.
30
# Elbow joint
What is the ulnar collateral ligament?
Connects medial epicondyle to ulna; stabilizes medial elbow.
31
# Hip joint
What is the acetabular labrum?
A rim of fibrocartilage deepening the hip socket (acetabulum).
32
# Hip joint
What is the ligamentum teres?
A ligament from the femoral head to acetabulum; contains blood vessels.
## Footnote
Image: Labelled as "Round ligament (cut)"
33
# Hip joint
What is the pubofemoral ligament?
Limits abduction and extension in the hip. Lays under the iliofemoral ligament on the anterior side. Extends between the lesser trochanter of the femur and pubic bone.
34
# Hip joint
What is the ischiofemoral ligament?
Limits internal rotation and adduction of the hip. Extends from greater trochanter to ischium on the posterior side.
35
# Hip joint
What is the iliofemoral ligament?
Prevents hyperextension; strongest ligament in the body. Extends from the lesser and greater trochanter of the femur to the ilium anteriorly.
36
# Knee joint
What is the patellar ligament?
Connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity.
37
# Knee joint
What is the quadriceps tendon?
Connects quadriceps muscle to patella.
38
# Knee joint
What is the fibular collateral ligament (LCL)?
Lateral knee stabilizer; connects femur to fibula.
39
# Knee joint
What is the tibial collateral ligament (MCL)?
Medial knee stabilizer; connects femur to tibia.
40
# Knee joint
What is the medial meniscus?
C-shaped fibrocartilage in the knee that provides cushioning on the medial side.
41
# Knee joint
What is the lateral meniscus?
Circular fibrocartilage on the lateral knee; absorbs shock.
42
# Knee joint
What is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)?
Prevents anterior displacement of tibia and hyperextension. Extends between the condyles from the anterior of the tibia to posterior femur.
43
# Knee joint
What is the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)?
Prevents posterior displacement of tibia. Extends between the condyles from the anterior of the femur to the posterior of the tibia.
44
List six functions of skeletal muscle.
* Movement
* Stability
* Control of Body openings and passages
* Heat production (thermogenesis)
* Hormone secretion
* Glycemic control
45
# Define
Myology
The study of skeletal muscles
46
# Skeletal Muscle
What is the function of endomysium?
A thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber. Provides room for blood capillaries and nerve fibrers to reach each muscle fiber.
47
# Skeletal Muscle
What is the function of perimysium?
A thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles.
48
# Skeletal Muscle
What are fascicles?
A bundle of 20 to 60 muscle fibers contained by perimysium.
49
# Skeletal Muscle
What is the function of epimysium?
A fibrous shealth that surrounds an entire muscle.
50
# Skeletal Muscle
What is the function of fascia?
The most exterior sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles groups and subcutaneous tissues.
51
# Skeletal Muscle
Describe fusiform muscles shape. Provide 2 examples.
Thick in the middle with fascicles converging on each tapered end. Biceps brachii and gastrocnemius of the calf are examples of fusiform muscles.
52
# Skeletal Muscle
Describe triangular (convergent) muscles shape. Provide 2 examples.
fan-shaped, broad at one end with fascicles converging on the other, narrower end. Examples include the pectoralis major and the temporalis on the side of the head.
53
# Skeletal Muscle
Describe parallel muscles shape. Provide 2 examples.
Fairly uniform width and parallel fascicles. Examples include the rectus abdominis and sartorius of the thigh.
54
# Skeletal Muscle
Describe pennate muscles shape. Provide 2 examples.
Feather-shaped. Fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle. Examples include the palmar interosseous muscle of the hand semimembranosus of the thigh.
55
# Skeletal Muscle
Describe circular muscle (sphincter) shape. Provide 2 examples.
Fascicles in rings or concentric rings around body openings and passages. Examples include the orbicularis oculi of the eyelids and anal sphincters.
56
What causes muscle contraction?
Interaction of actin and myosin filaments using ATP and calcium; triggered by neural signals.
57
What are key features of skeletal muscle?
* Striated
* multinucleated
* long cylindrical cells
* voluntary control
58
What are key features of cardiac muscle?
* Striated
* one nucleus
* branched fibers
* intercalated discs
* involuntary control.
59
What are intercalated discs?
Specialized junctions in cardiac muscle for electrical and mechanical connection.
60
What are key features of smooth muscle?
* Non-striated
* single nucleus
* spindle-shaped
* involuntary
* found in hollow organs.
61
Where are stretch receptors called muscle spindles located?
Muscle spindles are found in the perimysium.
62
What does the epimysium surround?
The entire muscle
63
What is a muscle fascicle?
A bundle of individual muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue
64
What is Fascia?
Thick connective tissue separating muscle groups.
65
What is aponeurosis?
A broad, sheet-like tendon. Name originates from the broad tendon over the top of the head; therefore aponeurosis. But it also applies to other tendons like plamar aponeurosis.
66
A muscle that holds a bone steady during an action.
a fixator
67
What is the perimysium? What is it's function?
Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds bundles called fascicles. Blood vessels and nervous cells pass through to reach individual fascicles.
68
A term that refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates a muscle.
Motor Neuron
69
# Muscle Physiology
Explain muscle excitability.
The degree to which a cell responds to electrical changes across the plasma membrane. Muscle and neuron cells have the greatest excitability in the body.
| All cells have some level of excitability.
70
# Muscle Physiology
Explain conductivity
Localized electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation that travels along the cell. The degree to which local stimuli induce **more than** a local effect is conductivity.
71
# Muscle Physiology
Explain contractility
The unique ability of muscle cells to shorten subtantially when stimulated.
72
# Muscle Physiology
Explain extensiblity
Most cells rupture if they are stretched even a little, but skeletal muscle cells can stretch to as much as three times their contracted length. This unique ability is called extensibility.
73
# Muscle Physiology
Explain elasticity
The ability of a muscle cell to recoil to a shorter length after being stretched and released.
74
Name an involuntary skeletal muscle.
This is a trick question: there are none.
75
# Muscle Physiology
The name for the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.
Sarcolemma
76
# Muscle Physiology
The name of muscle cell cytoplasm.
Sarcoplasm
77
Starchlike carbohydrate that provides energy for the muscle cell during exercise.
glycogen
78
The red oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells. Provides oxygen during muscular activity.
myoglobin
79
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
80
What is it called when a motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle?
innervation
81
# **Reverse Card**
A joint where two or more bones meet, allowing movement and providing support.
an articulation
82
# **Reverse Card**
* Articular cartilage
* joint capsule
* synovial membrane
* ligaments
* tendons
* bursae
* menisci.
The main components of an articulation.
83
# **Reverse Card**
An immovable joint formed when two bones fuse, like the frontal bone in adults.
# Types of joints
Synostosis
84
# **Reverse Card**
Immovable synostosis between skull bones.
# Fibrous Joints
sutures
85
# **Reverse Card**
Peg-in-socket joints, such as teeth anchored by periodontal ligaments.
# Fibrous Joints
gomphoses
86
# **Reverse Card**
Slightly movable fibrous joints connected by ligaments or membranes (e.g., tibia and fibula).
# Fibrous Joints
syndesmoses
87
# **Reverse Card**
Joints where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage (e.g., epiphyseal plates, first rib--other ribs are joined to the sternum by synovial joints).
# Cartilaginous Joints
synchondroses
88
# **Reverse Card**
Joints connected by fibrocartilage; slightly movable (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs).
# Cartilaginous Joints
symphyses
89
# **Reverse Card**
A freely movable joint with a cavity filled with fluid.
# Synovial Joints
synovial
90
# **Reverse Card**
Encloses the synovial joint; consists of an outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane.
# Synovial Joints
articular capsule
| Also called the joint capsule.
91
# **Reverse Card**
A space between bones filled with fluid for lubrication.
# Synovial Joints
synovial cavity
92
# **Reverse Card**
A fluid that lubricates, nourishes cartilage, and reduces joint friction.
# Synovial Joints
synovial fluid
93
# **Reverse Card**
Covers bone surfaces in synovial joints to reduce friction and absorb shock.
# Synovial Joints
articular cartilage
94
# **Reverse Card**
Fibrocartilage pads in some joints that improve fit and absorb shock. High impact joints like the knees have these, low impact joints like phalanges do not.
# Synovial Joints
menisci
95
# **Reverse Card**
Masses of adipose tissue that cushion and protect joints.
# Synovial Joints
fat pads
96
# **Reverse Card**
Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction between moving structures near joints.
# Synovial Joints
bursae
97
# **Reverse Card**
An elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon to reduce friction.
# Synovial Joints
tendon sheath
98
# **Reverse Card**
The tough outer ring of an intervertebral disc made of fibrocartilage.
# Intervertebral discs
annulus fibrosus
99
# **Reverse Card**
The soft inner core of an intervertebral disc that absorbs shock.
# Intervertebral discs
nucleus pulposus
100
# **Reverse Card**
When the nucleus pulposus bulges outward but hasn't ruptured the annulus fibrosus.
# Intervertebral discs
protruding disc
101
# **Reverse Card**
When the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus, possibly pressing nerves.
# Intervertebral discs
herniated disc
102
# **Reverse Card**
A fibrocartilage rim that deepens the glenoid cavity for shoulder joint stability.
# Shoulder joint
glenoid labrum
103
# **Reverse Card**
Connects coracoid process to acromion; prevents upward displacement of humeral head.
# Shoulder joint
coraco-acromial ligament
104
# **Reverse Card**
Connects acromion to clavicle; stabilizes the shoulder joint.
# Shoulder joint
acromioclavicular ligament
105
# **Reverse Card**
Connects coracoid process to clavicle; helps suspend scapula.
# Shoulder joint
coracoclavicular ligament
106
# **Reverse Card**
Encircles the radial head, securing it to the ulna in the elbow joint.
# Elbow joint
annular ligament of the elbow
107
# **Reverse Card**
Connects lateral epicondyle to radius; stabilizes lateral elbow.
# Elbow joint
radial collateral ligament
108
# **Reverse Card**
Connects medial epicondyle to ulna; stabilizes medial elbow.
# Elbow joint
ulnar collateral ligament
109
# **Reverse Card**
A rim of fibrocartilage deepening the hip socket.
# Hip joint
acetabular labrum
110
# **Reverse Card**
A ligament from the center of the femoral head to acetabulum; contains blood vessels.
# Hip joint
ligamentum teres
| Also called the 'round ligament'
111
# **Reverse Card**
Limits abduction and extension in the hip. Lays under the iliofemoral ligament on the anterior side. Extends between the lesser trochanter of the femur and pubic bone.
# Hip joint
pubofemoral ligament
112
# **Reverse Card**
Limits internal rotation and adduction of the hip. Extends from greater trochanter to ischium on the posterior side.
# Hip joint
ischiofemoral ligament
113
# **Reverse Card**
Prevents hyperextension; strongest ligament in the body. Extends from the lesser and greater trochanter of the femur to the ilium anteriorly.
# Hip joint
iliofemoral ligament
114
# **Reverse Card**
Connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity.
# Knee joint
patellar ligament
115
# **Reverse Card**
Connects quadriceps muscle to patella.
# Knee joint
quadriceps tendon
116
# **Reverse Card**
Lateral knee stabilizer; connects femur to fibula.
# Knee joint
fibular collateral ligament (LCL)
117
# **Reverse Card**
Medial knee stabilizer; connects femur to tibia.
# Knee joint
tibial collateral ligament (MCL)
118
# **Reverse Card**
C-shaped fibrocartilage in the knee that provides cushioning on the medial side.
# Knee joint
medial meniscus
119
# **Reverse Card**
Circular fibrocartilage on the lateral knee; absorbs shock.
# Knee joint
lateral meniscus
120
# **Reverse Card**
Prevents anterior displacement of tibia and hyperextension. Extends between the condyles from the anterior of the tibia to posterior femur.
# Knee joint
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
121
# **Reverse Card**
Prevents posterior displacement of tibia. Extends between the condyles from the anterior of the femur to the posterior of the tibia.
# Knee joint
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
122
# **Reverse Card**
* Movement
* Stability
* Control of Body openings and passages
* Heat production (thermogenesis)
* Hormone secretion
* Glycemic control
List six functions of skeletal muscle.
123
# **Reverse Card**
The study of skeletal muscles
# Define
Myology
124
# **Reverse Card**
A thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber. Provides room for blood capillaries and nerve fibrers to reach each muscle fiber.
# Skeletal Muscle
endomysium
125
# **Reverse Card**
A thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles.
# Skeletal Muscle
perimysium
126
# **Reverse Card**
A bundle of 20 to 60 muscle fibers contained by perimysium.
# Skeletal Muscle
fascicles
127
# **Reverse Card**
A fibrous shealth that surrounds an entire muscle.
# Skeletal Muscle
epimysium
128
# **Reverse Card**
The most exterior sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles groups and subcutaneous tissues.
# Skeletal Muscle
fascia
129
# **Reverse Card**
Thick in the middle with fascicles converging on each tapered end. Biceps brachii and gastrocnemius of the calf are examples of this
# Skeletal Muscle
fusiform muscles
130
# **Reverse Card**
fan-shaped, broad at one end with fascicles converging on the other, narrower end. Examples include the pectoralis major and the temporalis on the side of the head.
# Skeletal Muscle
triangular (convergent) muscles
131
# **Reverse Card**
Fairly uniform width and parallel fascicles. Examples include the rectus abdominis and sartorius of the thigh.
# Skeletal Muscle
parallel muscles
132
# **Reverse Card**
Feather-shaped. Fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle. Examples include the palmar interosseous muscle of the hand semimembranosus of the thigh.
# Skeletal Muscle
pennate muscles
133
# **Reverse Card**
Fascicles in rings or concentric rings around body openings and passages. Examples include the orbicularis oculi of the eyelids and anal sphincters.
# Skeletal Muscle
circular muscle (sphincter)
134
# **Reverse Card**
Interaction of actin and myosin filaments using ATP and calcium; triggered by neural signals.
What causes muscle contraction
135
# **Reverse Card**
* Striated
* multinucleated
* long cylindrical cells
* voluntary control
skeletal muscle
136
# **Reverse Card**
* Striated
* one nucleus
* branched fibers
* intercalated discs
* involuntary control.
cardiac muscle
137
# **Reverse Card**
Specialized junctions in cardiac muscle for electrical and mechanical connection.
intercalated discs
138
# **Reverse Card**
* Non-striated
* single nucleus
* spindle-shaped
* involuntary
* found in hollow organs.
smooth muscle
139
# **Reverse Card**
Surrounds the entire muscle
epimysium
140
# **Reverse Card**
A bundle of individual muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue
muscle fascicle
141
# **Reverse Card**
Thick connective tissue separating muscle groups.
Fascia
142
# **Reverse Card**
A broad, sheet-like tendon. Name originates from the broad tendon over the top of the head. But it also applies to other tendons like in the palm.
aponeurosis
143
# **Reverse Card**
a fixator
A muscle that holds a bone steady during an action.
144
# **Reverse Card**
Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds bundles called fascicles. Blood vessels and nervous cells pass through to reach individual fascicles.
perimysium
145
# **Reverse Card**
Motor Neuron
A term that refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates a muscle.
146
# **Reverse Card**
The degree to which a cell responds to electrical changes across the plasma membrane.
# Muscle Physiology
muscle excitability
147
# **Reverse Card**
Localized electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation that travels along the cell. The degree to which local stimuli induce **more than** a local effect.
# Muscle Physiology
conductivity
148
# **Reverse Card**
The unique ability of muscle cells to shorten subtantially when stimulated.
# Muscle Physiology
contractility
149
# **Reverse Card**
Most cells rupture if they are stretched even a little, but skeletal muscle cells can stretch to as much as three times their contracted length. What is this unique ability?
# Muscle Physiology
extensiblity
150
# **Reverse Card**
The ability of a muscle cell to recoil to a shorter length after being stretched and released.
# Muscle Physiology
elasticity
151
# **Reverse Card**
Sarcolemma
# Muscle Physiology
The name for the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.
152
# **Reverse Card**
Sarcoplasm
# Muscle Physiology
The name of muscle cell cytoplasm.
153
# **Reverse Card**
glycogen in muscle tissue
Starchlike carbohydrate that provides energy for the muscle cell during exercise.
154
# **Reverse Card**
myoglobin
The red oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells. Provides oxygen during muscular activity.
155
# **Reverse Card**
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells.
156
# **Reverse Card**
innervation
What is it called when a motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle?
