Topic 6: Nervous System Flashcards by Trevor Meyer

Define

White Matter

Composed mostly of myelinated axons; facilitates communication within the CNS.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define

Gray Matter

Contains neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons; processes and integrates information.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify

Soma

The cell body of a neuron, containing the nucleus and organelles.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify

Nucleus

The central structure within the soma that holds DNA.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify

Axon

Long projection that transmits impulses away from the soma.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define

Neuroglia

Supportive cells in the nervous system; includes astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, etc.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Composed of the brain and spinal cord; processes and integrates information.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

All neural tissue outside the CNS; connects CNS to limbs and organs.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

CNS Components

Brain

The control center of the body that manages functions, thoughts, and emotions.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

CNS Components

Nuclei

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

CNS Components

Spinal Cord

Conducts nerve impulses between the brain and body.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Spinal Cord

Central Canal

CSF-filled channel in the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Spinal Cord

Conus Medullaris

Tapered end of the spinal cord around L1-L2.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

CNS Components

Tract

A bundle of CNS axons with a common origin and destination.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PNS Components

Nerve

A bundle of axons in the PNS.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PNS Components

Ganglion

A cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PNS Components

What is a Plexus?

Network of intersecting nerves.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PNS Components

Where does the Brachial Plexus supply nerves to?

Network supplying the upper limbs.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Brachial Plexus

What does the Axillary Nerve innervate?

Innervates deltoid and teres minor muscles.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Brachial Plexus

What does the Musculocutaneous Nerve innervate?

Innervates anterior arm muscles.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Brachial Plexus

What does the Radial Nerve innervate?

Innervates posterior arm and forearm.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Brachial Plexus

What does the Median Nerve innervate?

Innervates most anterior forearm and some hand muscles.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Brachial Plexus

What does the Ulnar Nerve innervate?

Innervates some hand and medial forearm muscles.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Important Nerves

What does the Femoral Nerve innervate?

Innervates anterior thigh.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

# Important Nerves What nerves do the Sciatic Nerve supply?

Largest nerve; splits into tibial and common peroneal (fibular) nerves.

# Sciatic Nerve divisions What does the Tibial Nerve innervate?

Innervates posterior leg and foot.

# Sciatic Nerve divisions What does the Common Peroneal Nerve innervate? | (fibular) nerve

Innervates anterior/lateral leg.

# Components of the Brain Cerebrum

Responsible for conscious thought and voluntary movement.

# Cerebrum Cerebral Hemispheres

Left and right sides of the cerebrum.

# Cerebrum Longitudinal Fissure

Separates cerebral hemispheres.

# Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex

Outer gray matter of the cerebrum.

# Cerebrum Gyri

Ridges on the brain surface.

# Cerebrum Sulci

Grooves between gyri.

# Cerebrum Frontal Lobe

Involved in reasoning, planning, and movement.

# Cerebrum Central Sulcus

Separates frontal and parietal lobes.

# Cerebrum What is the gross function of the Parietal Lobe?

Processes sensory input.

# Cerebrum Lateral Fissure

Separates temporal from frontal and parietal lobes.

# Cerebrum Temporal Lobe

Processes auditory and memory data.

# Cerebrum Occipital Lobe

Processes visual information.

# Cerebrum Corpus Callosum

Connects the cerebral hemispheres.

# Cerebrum Septum Pellucidum

Thin membrane separating lateral ventricles.

# Diencephalon What is the gross function of the Thalamus?

Relay station for sensory information.

# Diencephalon What are the gross functions of the Hypothalamus?

Regulates homeostasis and endocrine functions.

# Diencephalon What is the gross function of the Pineal Body?

Produces melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycle.

# Diencephalon What is the gross function of the Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland)?

Master gland of the endocrine system.

Function of the Cerebellum

Coordinates movement and balance.

# Cerebellum What are Arbor Vitae

Tree-like white matter in the cerebellum.

# Brainstem Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

Processes visual/auditory data; maintains consciousness.

# Brainstem What is the gross function of the Pons?

Regulates breathing and connects brain regions.

# Brainstem Medulla Oblongata

Controls vital autonomic functions.

Meninges

Three membranes protecting the CNS. 1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater

# Meninges Dura Mater

Outermost, tough meningeal layer.

# Meninges Arachnoid Mater

Middle layer with web-like fibers.

# Meninges Pia Mater

Delicate innermost layer adhering to CNS.

# Meninges Where is the Epidural Space?

Fat-filled space between vertebrae and dura mater.

# Meninges Subdural Space

Space between dura and arachnoid mater.

# Meninges What is in the Subarachnoid Space?

Contains cerebrospinal fluid and trabeculae.

what is CSF?

Clear fluid that cushions and nourishes CNS.

# Cerebrospinal fluid Lateral Ventricles

First chambers producing CSF.

# Cerebrospinal fluid Third Ventricle

Receives CSF from lateral ventricles.

# Cerebrospinal fluid Cerebral Aqueduct connects to which structures?

Connects third and fourth ventricles.

# Define Trabeculae

thin "web-like" projections from the arachnoid mater to the pia mater. CSF flows around them.

# Cerebrospinal fluid Fourth Ventricle

Receives CSF before it enters central canal.

# Cerebrospinal fluid Central Canal

Channel in the spinal cord through which CSF flows.

# Nerves What are unencapsulated nerve endings?

dendrites with no connective tissue wrapping.

# Nerves What types of nerves are unencapsulated?

1. free nerve endings 2. tactile (Merkel) discs 3. hair receptors (root heir plexuses)

# Nerves What is the modality of free nerve endings?

pain, heat, cold

# Nerves What are the locations of free nerve endings?

widespread, especially in epithelia and connective tissues

# Nerves What is the modality of tactile discs?

light touch, pressure

# Nerves What are the locations of tactile discs?

stratum basale of epidermis

# Nerves What are the modality of hair receptors?

light touch movement of hairs

# Nerves What are the locations of hair receptors?

only around hair follicles

# Nerves What are encapsulated nerve endings?

nerve fibers wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue.

# Nerves What are the types of encapsulated nerve endings?

1. tactile (Meissner) corpuscles 2. end bulbs (Krause end bulbs) 3. bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles 4. Lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles 5. muscle spindles (previously covered) 6. tendon organs (prevously covered)

# Nerves What are the modality of tactile corpuscles?

light touch texture

# Nerves What are the location of tactile corpuscles?

dermal papillae of fingertips palms lips tongue nipples genitals

# Nerves What are the modality of end bulbs?

light touch texture

# Nerves What are the locations of end bulbs?

mucous membranes

# Nerves What are the modality of bulbous corpuscles?

heavy continuous touch/pressure joint movements

# Nerves What are the locations of bulbous corpuscles?

Dermis subcutaneous tissue joint capsules

# Nerves What are the modality of lamellar corpuscles?

deep pressure stretch tickle vibration

# Nerves What are the locations of lamellar corpuscles?

dermis join capsules periosteum breasts genitals some viscera

# Nerves What are the modality of muscles spindles?

muscle stretch

# Nerves What are the locations of muscle spindles?

skeletal muscles near tendon

# Nerves What are the modality of tendon organs?

tension on tendons

# Nerves What are the locations of tendon organs?

tendons

Composed mostly of myelinated axons; facilitates communication within the CNS.

# Define White Matter

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Contains neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons; processes and integrates information.

# Define Gray Matter

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) The cell body of a neuron, containing the nucleus and organelles.

# Identify Soma

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) The central structure within the soma that holds DNA.

# Identify Nucleus

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Long projection that transmits impulses away from the soma.

# Identify Axon

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Supportive cells in the nervous system; includes astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, etc.

# Define Neuroglia

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Composed of the brain and spinal cord; processes and integrates information.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) All neural tissue outside the CNS; connects CNS to limbs and organs.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) The control center of the body that manages functions, thoughts, and emotions.

# CNS Components Brain

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS.

# CNS Components Nuclei

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Conducts nerve impulses between the brain and body.

# CNS Components Spinal Cord

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) CSF-filled channel in the spinal cord.

# Spinal Cord Central Canal

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Tapered end of the spinal cord around L1-L2.

# Spinal Cord Conus Medullaris

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) A bundle of CNS axons with a common origin and destination.

# CNS Components Tract

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) A bundle of axons in the PNS.

# PNS Components Nerve

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) A cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS.

# PNS Components Ganglion

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Network of intersecting nerves.

# PNS Components Plexus

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Network of nerves supplying the upper limbs.

# PNS Components Brachial Plexus

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Brachial Plexus nerve that innervates deltoid and teres minor muscles.

# Brachial Plexus Axillary Nerve

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Brachial Plexus nerve that innervates anterior arm muscles.

# Brachial Plexus Musculocutaneous Nerve

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Brachial plexus nerve that innervates posterior arm and forearm.

# Brachial Plexus Radial Nerve

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Brachial plexus nerve that innervates most anterior forearm and some hand muscles.

# Brachial Plexus Median Nerve

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Brachial plexus nerve that innervates some hand and medial forearm muscles.

# Brachial Plexus Ulnar Nerve

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Innervates anterior thigh.

# Important Nerves Femoral Nerve

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Largest nerve; splits into tibial and common peroneal nerves.

# Important Nerves Sciatic Nerve

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Innervates posterior leg and foot.

# Sciatic Nerve divisions Tibial Nerve

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Innervates anterior/lateral leg.

# Sciatic Nerve divisions Common Fibular Nerve | Also called common Peroneal nerve

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Responsible for conscious thought and voluntary movement.

# Components of the Brain Cerebrum

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Left and right sides of the cerebrum.

# Cerebrum Cerebral Hemispheres

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Separates cerebral hemispheres.

# Cerebrum Longitudinal Fissure

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Outer gray matter of the cerebrum.

# Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Ridges on the brain surface.

# Cerebrum Gyri

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Grooves between gyri.

# Cerebrum Sulci

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Involved in reasoning, planning, and movement.

# Cerebrum Frontal Lobe

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Separates frontal and parietal lobes.

# Cerebrum Central Sulcus

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Processes sensory input.

# Cerebrum Parietal Lobe

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Separates temporal from frontal and parietal lobes.

# Cerebrum Lateral Fissure

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Processes auditory and memory data.

# Cerebrum Temporal Lobe

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Processes visual information.

# Cerebrum Occipital Lobe

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Connects the cerebral hemispheres.

# Cerebrum Corpus Callosum

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Thin membrane separating lateral ventricles.

# Cerebrum Septum Pellucidum

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Relay station for sensory information.

# Diencephalon Thalamus

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Regulates homeostasis and endocrine functions.

# Diencephalon Hypothalamus

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Produces melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycle.

# Diencephalon Pineal Body

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Master gland of the endocrine system.

# Diencephalon Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland)

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Coordinates movement and balance.

Cerebellum

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Tree-like white matter in the cerebellum.

# Cerebellum Arbor Vitae

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Processes visual/auditory data; maintains consciousness.

# Brainstem Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Regulates breathing and connects brain regions.

# Brainstem Pons

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Controls vital autonomic functions.

# Brainstem Medulla Oblongata

Name for the membranes protecting the CNS. 1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater

Meninges

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Outermost, tough meningeal layer.

# Meninges Dura Mater

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Middle layer with web-like fibers.

# Meninges Arachnoid Mater

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Delicate innermost layer adhering to CNS.

# Meninges Pia Mater

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Fat-filled space between vertebrae and dura mater.

# Meninges Epidural Space

Space between dura and arachnoid mater.

# Meninges Subdural Space

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Contains cerebrospinal fluid.

# Meninges Subarachnoid Space

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Clear fluid that cushions and nourishes CNS.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) First chambers producing CSF.

# Cerebrospinal fluid Lateral Ventricles

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Receives CSF from lateral ventricles.

# Cerebrospinal fluid Third Ventricle

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Connects third and fourth ventricles.

# Cerebrospinal fluid Cerebral Aqueduct

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) thin "web-like" projections from the arachnoid mater to the pia mater. CSF flows around them.

# Define Trabeculae

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Receives CSF before it enters central canal.

# Cerebrospinal fluid Fourth Ventricle

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) Channel in the spinal cord through which CSF flows.

# Cerebrospinal fluid Central Canal

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) dendrites with no connective tissue wrapping.

# Nerves unencapsulated nerve endings

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) 1. free nerve endings 2. tactile (Merkel) discs 3. hair receptors (root heir plexuses)

# Nerves types of unencapsulated nerves

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) stratum basale of epidermis contains these unencapsulated nerve endings

# Nerves tactile discs

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) nerve fibers wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue.

# Nerves encapsulated nerve endings

# Reverse Card (Hard Mode) 1. tactile (Meissner) corpuscles 2. end bulbs (Krause end bulbs) 3. bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles 4. Lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles 5. muscle spindles (previously covered) 6. tendon organs (prevously covered)

# Nerves types of encapsulated nerve endings