Topic 2: Tissues & Integument Flashcards
1
Q
Define
Epithelial Tissue
A
Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands; involved in protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.
2
Q
What are the four primary tissues classes?
A
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
- Muscular
3
Q
Define
Connective Tissue
A
Provides support, binds tissues together, protects organs, and stores energy.
4
Q
Define
Muscle Tissue
A
Specialized for contraction to produce movement; includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
5
Q
What are the three types of muscular tissue?
A
- Skeletal (e.g. bicep)
- Cardiac (e.g. heart)
- Smooth (e.g. intestine)
6
Q
Define
Skeletal Muscle
A
Long threadlike cells of muscle fibers. Usually attached to bones, but there are exceptions: tongue, upper esophagus, some facial muscles, and some sphincter muscles.
7
Q
Define
Cardiomyocytes
A
Cell name of muscular cardiac tissue unique to the heart.
8
Q
Define
Smooth muscle
A
Involuntary muscle that is relatively short. Mostly found in visceral muscle like GI, respiratory, urinary, uterus, etc.
9
Q
Define
Nervous Tissue
A
Composed of neurons and neuroglia (glial cells); responsible for transmitting electrical signals for communication and control.
10
Q
Define
Neuron
A
Nervous Tissue that detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells.
11
Q
Define
Glial cells (neuroglia)
A
Constitute most of the volume of nervous tissue. Much smaller than neurons and provide a variety of supportive, protective, and “housekeeping” functions for the nervous system.
12
Q
Define
Lumen
A
The hollow interior of a tubular structure, such as blood vessels or intestines.
13
Q
Define
Apical Surface
A
The free, exposed surface of epithelial cells facing the lumen or external environment.
14
Q
Define
Basal Surface
A
The side of epithelial cells attached to the basement membrane.
15
Q
Define
Basement Membrane
A
A thin, fibrous layer that anchors the epithelium to underlying connective tissue.
16
Q
Define
Simple Squamous Epithelium
A
Single layer of flat cells; facilitates diffusion and filtration (e.g., alveoli in lungs).
17
Q
Define
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
A
Single layer of cube-shaped cells; functions in secretion and absorption (e.g., kidney tubules).
18
Q
Define
Simple Columnar Epithelium
A
Single layer of column-like cells; found in digestive tract for absorption (e.g., small intestine).
19
Q
Define
Goblet Cell
A
Specialized cells that produce mucus.
20
Q
Define
Microvilli
A
Finger-like projections increasing surface area for absorption.
21
Q
Define
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
A
Appears layered due to irregular nuclei positioning but is actually single-layered (e.g., trachea).
22
Q
Define
Cilia
A
Hair-like projections that move substances (e.g., mucus in the respiratory tract).
23
Q
Define
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
A
Multiple layers of flat cells; protects against abrasion.
24
Q
Define
Keratinized
A
Contains keratin for waterproofing (e.g., skin).
Extra info (not required): indicates that the cancer cells tend to produce keratin, a fibrous structural protein found in the skin, hair and nails. When cancer cells produce keratin, the cells may form structures resembling keratin pearls, a characteristic feature of this type of squamous cell carcinoma.
25
# Define
Non-keratinized
Lacks keratin; found in moist environments (e.g., esophagus).
26
# Define
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Rare, multiple layers of columnar cells (e.g., male urethra).
## Footnote
Columnar epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue characterized by elongated, column-shaped cells that line various organs and body cavities.
27
# Define
Transitional Epithelium
Specialized for stretching; found in the urinary bladder.
28
# Define
Glands
Specialized epithelial cells that secrete substances.
29
# Define
Endocrine Gland
Secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid gland).
30
# Define
Exocrine Gland
Secretes substances through ducts (e.g., sweat glands).
31
# Define
Merocrine Secretion
Secretions released via exocytosis (e.g., sweat glands).
32
# Define
Apocrine Secretion
A portion of the cell pinches off (e.g., mammary glands).
## Footnote
a term used to classify the mode of secretion of exocrine glands. In apocrine secretion, secretory cells accumulate material at their apical ends, often forming blebs or "snouts", and this material then buds off from the cells, forming extracellular vesicles.
33
# Define
Holocrine Secretion
Whole cells rupture and release contents (e.g., sebaceous glands).
34
# Define
Matrix
The extracellular material surrounding cells, composed of fibers and ground substance.
35
# Define
Fibers
Provide structural support.
36
# Define
Elastin Fibers
Allow for flexibility and recoil.
37
# Define
Collagen Fibers
Provide strength and durability. Typically glossy and pale. (e.g. tendons)
38
# Define
Reticular Fibers
Form a supportive framework. Structural support for many visceral organs. (e.g. liver, kidneys)
## Footnote
a type of fiber in connective tissue composed of type III collagen secreted by reticular cells. Requires microscopy to identify.
39
# Define
Ground Substance
Gel-like substance filling spaces between fibers and cells.
40
# Define
Fibroblasts
Cells that produce connective tissue fibers.
41
# Define
Mesenchyme
Embryonic connective tissue from which all adult connective tissues develop.
42
# Define
Loose Connective Tissue
Contains loosely arranged fibers, providing cushioning and flexibility. Filled with ground substance.
43
# Define
Areolar Connective Tissue
Loosely organized fibers, abundant in blood vessels, lots of empty space. Cushions organs; found under the skin.
44
# Define
Adipose Connective Tissue
Spongy structure that holds adipose cells for energy and insulation.
45
# Define
Reticular Connective Tissue
Forms the framework for soft organs (e.g., spleen, thymus, and bone marrow).
46
# Define
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Closely packed parallel fibers for strong attachment (e.g., tendons).
47
# Define
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Fibers in multiple directions for resilience (e.g., dermis).
48
# Define
Elastic Connective Tissue
Allows stretching and recoiling (e.g., arteries).
49
# Define
Blood
A fluid connective tissue that contains plasma and cells for transportation throughout the body.
50
What are the three kinds of formed elements of blood?
1. Erythrocytes
2. Leukocytes
3. Platelets
51
#Define
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells (RBCs), the most abundant formed element of blood. Transport for oxygen and carbon dioxide.
52
#Define
Leukocytes
White blood cells (WBCs). Serve various roles in defense against infection and other diseases.
53
# Define
Platelets
Small cell fragments scattered amid blood cells. They are involved in clotting and other mechanisms for minimizing blood loss, and in secreting growth factors that promote blood vessel growth and maintenance.
54
# Define
Plasma
Fluid matrix of blood.
55
# Define
Lymph
Interstitial fluid involved in immune response.
56
# Define
Cartilage
Flexible connective tissue that provides cushioning.
57
# Define
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells name
58
# Define
Lacunae
Spaces housing chondrocytes.
59
#Define
Chondroblast
Produces cartilage cells by secreting a matrix and surround themselves with in until they are trapped in little cavities called lacunae.
60
# Define
Perichondrium
Sheath of dense irregular tissue that surrounds certain cartilage, providing nutrients. Not found around fibrocartilage. Accounts for continual cartilage growth.
61
# Define
Hyaline Cartilage
Most common; found in joints. Clear, glassy appearance.
62
# Define
Elastic Cartilage
Provides flexibility (e.g., ear).
63
# Define
Fibrocartilage
Absorbs shock (e.g., intervertebral discs).
64
# Define
Bone (osseous tissue)
Hard connective tissue providing structural support.
65
# Define
Osteocytes
Bone cells.
66
# Define
Trabecular Bone
Spongy, porous bone. Spongy in appearance, it is still calcified and hard.
67
# Define
Cortical Bone
Dense, compact bone. No visible spaces to the naked eye. Bone exterior.
68
# Define
Haversian System (Osteon)
Structural unit of compact bone. The name used for the system of central canals, surrounding lamellae, and perforating canals.
69
# Define
Haversian (Central) Canal
Series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of cortical bone in long bones (like the Femur) that contains blood vessels and nerves.
70
# Define
Volkmann’s (Perforating) Canal
Connects osteons.
They interconnect the Haversian canals (running inside osteons) with each other and the periosteum.
71
# Define
Periosteum
A tough fibrous membrane similar to the perichondrium of cartilage that covers an entire bone.
72
# Define
Epidermis
Outer layer of skin.
73
# Define
Dermis
Middle layer of skin providing strength.
74
# Define
Hypodermis
Deepest layer of skin containing fat.
75
# Define
Keratinocyte
Primary skin cell producing keratin.
76
# Define
Melanocyte
Produces melanin for pigment.
77
# Define
Sebaceous Gland
Produces oil (sebum).
78
# Define
Sudoriferous Gland
Sweat gland.
79
# Define
Arrector Pili Muscle
Causes hair to stand up (goosebumps).
80
# Define
Melanin
Pigment protecting against UV damage.
81
# Define
Malignant Melanoma
Dangerous skin cancer.
82
# Define
ABCDE Rule
Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving (for detecting melanoma).
83
Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands; involved in protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.
Epithelial Tissue
84
Category of tissue that provides support, binds tissues together, protects organs, and stores energy.
Connective Tissue
85
Specialized tissue type for contraction to produce movement.
Muscle Tissue
86
Long threadlike cells of muscle fibers. Usually attached to bones, but there are exceptions: tongue, upper esophagus, some facial muscles, and some sphincter muscles.
Skeletal Muscle
87
Cell name of muscular cardiac tissue unique to the heart.
Cardiomyocytes
88
Involuntary muscle that is relatively short. Mostly found in visceral muscle like GI, respiratory, urinary, uterus, etc.
Smooth muscle
89
Composed of neurons and neuroglia (glial cells); responsible for transmitting electrical signals for communication and control.
Nervous Tissue
90
Nervous Tissue that detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells.
Neurons
91
Constitute most of the volume of nervous tissue. Much smaller than neurons and provide a variety of supportive, protective, and "housekeeping" functions for the nervous system.
Glial cells
92
The hollow interior of a tubular structure, such as blood vessels or intestines.
Lumen
93
The free, exposed surface of epithelial cells facing the lumen or external environment.
Apical Surface
94
The side of epithelial cells attached to the basement membrane.
Basal Surface
95
A thin, fibrous layer that anchors the epithelium to underlying connective tissue.
Basement Membrane
96
Single layer of flat cells; facilitates diffusion and filtration (e.g., alveoli in lungs).
Simple Squamous Epithelium
97
Single layer of cube-shaped cells; functions in secretion and absorption (e.g., kidney tubules).
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
98
Single layer of column-like cells; found in digestive tract for absorption (e.g., small intestine).
Simple Columnar Epithelium
99
Specialized cells that produce mucus.
Goblet Cell
100
Finger-like projections increasing surface area for absorption.
Microvilli
101
Epithelial structure that appears layered due to irregular nuclei positioning but is actually single-layered (e.g., trachea).
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
102
Hair-like projections that move substances (e.g., mucus in the respiratory tract).
Cilia
103
Multiple layers of flat cells; protects against abrasion.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
104
Contains keratin for waterproofing (e.g., skin).
Keratinized
105
Lacks keratin; found in moist environments (e.g., esophagus).
Non-keratinized
106
Rare, multiple layers of columnar cells (e.g., male urethra).
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
107
Specialized for stretching; found in the urinary bladder.
Transitional Epithelium
108
Specialized epithelial cells that secrete substances.
Glands
109
Secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid gland).
Endocrine Gland
110
Secretes substances through ducts (e.g., sweat glands).
Exocrine Gland
111
Secretions released via exocytosis (e.g., sweat glands).
Merocrine Secretion
112
# Define
Eponychium
The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail.
113
Secretion type where a portion of the cell pinches off (e.g., mammary glands).
Apocrine Secretion
114
Whole cells rupture and release contents (e.g., sebaceous glands).
Holocrine Secretion
115
The extracellular material surrounding cells, composed of fibers and ground substance.
Matrix
116
Substance produced by connective tissues that provide structural support. This is the substance that creates structural support within connective tissues, not the name of the tissues themselves.
Fibers
117
Type of fiber that allows for flexibility and recoil.
Elastin Fibers
118
Type of fiber that provides strength and durability.
Collagen Fibers
119
Type of fibers that form a supportive framework for soft tissue.
Reticular Fibers
120
Gel-like substance filling spaces between fibers and cells.
Ground Substance
121
Cells that produce connective tissue fibers.
Fibroblasts
122
Embryonic connective tissue from which all adult connective tissues develop.
Mesenchyme
123
Contains loosely arranged fibers, providing cushioning and flexibility. Filled with ground substance.
Loose Connective Tissue
124
Loosely organized fibers, abundant in blood vessels, lots of empty space. Cushions organs; found under the skin.
Areolar Connective Tissue
125
Connective tissues that provides structure for fat for energy and insulation.
Adipose Connective Tissue
126
Forms the framework for soft organs (e.g., spleen, thymus, and bone marrow).
Reticular Connective Tissue
127
Closely packed parallel fibers for strong attachment (e.g., tendons).
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
128
Fibers in multiple directions for resilience (e.g., dermis).
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
129
Tissue that allows for stretching and recoiling (e.g., arteries).
Elastic Connective Tissue
130
A fluid connective tissue that contains plasma and cells for transportation throughout the body.
Blood
131
Another name for red blood cells (RBCs), the most abundant formed element of blood. Transport for oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Erythrocytes
132
Provide another name for white blood cells (WBCs). Serve various roles in defense against infection and other diseases.
Leukocytes
133
Small cell fragments that originate from megakaryocytes that are scattered amid blood cells. They are involved in clotting and other mechanisms for minimizing blood loss, and in secreting growth factors that promote blood vessel growth and maintenance.
Platelets
134
Fluid matrix of blood.
Plasma
135
Interstitial fluid involved in immune response.
Lymph
136
Flexible connective tissue that maintains it's shape and provides cushioning and structure.
Cartilage
137
Cartilage cell name
Chondrocytes
138
Produces cartilage cells by secreting a matrix and surround themselves with in until they are trapped in little cavities called lacunae.
Chondroblasts
139
Spaces housing chondrocytes.
Lacunae
140
Sheath of dense irregular tissue that surrounds certain cartilage, providing access to nutrients. Elastic and hyaline cartilage have it more than fibrocartilage.
Perichondrium
141
Most common; found in joints. Clear, glassy appearance.
Hyaline Cartilage
142
Cartilage that provides flexibility (e.g., ear).
Elastic Cartilage
143
The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail.
Eponychium
144
Cartilage that absorbs shock (e.g., intervertebral discs).
Fibrocartilage
145
Hard connective tissue providing structural support.
Bone (osseous tissue)
146
Bone cells.
Osteocytes
147
Spongy, porous bone. Spongy in appearance, it is still calcified and hard.
Trabecular Bone
148
Dense, compact bone. No visible spaces to the naked eye. Bone exterior.
Cortical Bone
149
Structural unit of compact bone. The name used for the system of central canals, surrounding lamellae, and perforating canals.
Haversian System (Osteon)
150
Series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of cortical bone in long bones (like the Femur) that contains blood vessels and nerves.
Haversian (Central) Canal
151
Connects osteons.
They interconnect the Haversian canals (running inside osteons) with each other and the periosteum.
Volkmann’s (Perforating) Canal
152
A tough fibrous membrane similar to the perichondrium of cartilage that covers an entire bone.
Periosteum
153
Outer layer of skin.
Epidermis
154
Middle layer of skin providing strength.
Dermis
155
Deepest layer of skin containing fat.
Hypodermis
156
Primary skin cell producing keratin.
Keratinocyte
157
Produces melanin for pigment.
Melanocyte
158
Produces oil (sebum).
Sebaceous Gland
159
Sweat gland.
Sudoriferous Gland
160
Causes hair to stand up (goosebumps).
Arrector Pili Muscle
161
Pigment protecting against UV damage.
Melanin
162
Dangerous skin cancer.
Malignant Melanoma
163
Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving (for detecting melanoma).
ABCDE Rule
