NREMT® Paramedic > EMT-P (4) Medical > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

Explore Toxicologies and the prehospital emergencies within (50 cards)

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1
Q

What is the most common substance abused?

A

alcohol

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2
Q

Define:

poison

A

Substance that is toxic by nature.

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3
Q

Define:

drug

A

A substance with therapeutic effect at a proper dose.

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4
Q

Define:

overdose

A

When a drug is taken in excess.

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5
Q

Define:

bioavailability

A

The extent and rate at which an active drug enters systemic circulation to exert its effect.

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6
Q

Define:

Chloral Hydrate

A

Otherwise known as “knock-out drops”

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7
Q

Define:

Rohypnol

A

A benzodiazepine known as a “date rape drug”; causes sedation and amnesia.

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8
Q

What is the Poison Center Number?

A

1-800-222-1222

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9
Q

Name the four routes of absorption.

A
  • ingestion
  • inhalation
  • injection
  • absorption
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10
Q

How much more does carbon monoxide bind to hemoglobin?

A

250 times more strongly than oxygen.

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11
Q

List examples of stimulants.

A
  • Amphetamine
  • Methamphetamine
  • Cocaine
  • Diet aids
  • Nasal decongestants
  • Bath salts
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12
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of stimulants?

A
  • restlessness
  • agitation
  • incessant talking
  • insomnia
  • anorexia
  • dilated pupils
  • tachycardia
  • tachypnea
  • paranoia
  • seizure
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13
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of narcotics?

A
  • constricted pupils
  • respiratory depression
  • needle tracks
  • drowsiness
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14
Q

List examples of sympathomimetic drugs.

A
  • Pseudoephedrine
  • Amphetamine
  • Methamphetamine
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15
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of sympathomimetic drugs?

A
  • hypertension
  • tachycardia
  • dilated pupils
  • hyperthermia
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16
Q

List examples of sedative or hypnotic drugs.

A
  • Phenobarbital
  • Diazepam
  • Midazolam
  • Lorazepam
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17
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of sedative or hypnotic drugs?

A
  • drowsiness
  • ataxia
  • slurred speech
  • AMS
  • CNS depression
  • hypotension
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18
Q

List examples of cholinergic drugs.

A
  • Acephate
  • Diazinon
  • Celthion
  • Cythion
  • Sarin
  • Parathion
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19
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of cholinergics?

A
  • Salivation
  • Lacrimation (excessive tearing)
  • Urination
  • Diarrhea
  • Gastrointestinal distress
  • Emesis (vomiting)
  • Miosis (constricted pupils)

Cholinergic toxicity is often summarized by the SLUDGE-M mnemonic.

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20
Q

List examples of anticholinergic drugs.

A
  • Atropine
  • Antihistamines
  • Antipsychotics
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21
Q

What are the side effects of anticholinergic drugs?

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A
  • Dry mouth
  • Flushed skin
  • Hyperthermia
  • Dilated pupils
  • Blurred vision
  • Tachycardia
  • Urinary retention
22
Q

What are the different odors of cyanide, arsenic, and methyl alcohol?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Cyanide: almonds
  • Arsenic: garlic
  • Methyl alcohol: acetone
23
Q

Define:

habituation

Study These Flashcards
A

Psychological dependence on a drug.

24
Q

Define:

physical dependence

Study These Flashcards
A

Physiological addiction with physical withdrawals.

25
# Define: psychological dependence
Craving a drug **emotionally**.
26
# Define: tolerance
**Physiological adaptation** that requires **larger doses** for the same effect.
27
# Define: potentiation
**Enhancement of one drug effect** by taking another.
28
# Define: synergism
Interaction of **two substances** where the combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects. ## Footnote Eg. 2+2= 5
29
# Fill in the blank: The **most widely abused drug** in America is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
alcohol
30
What are **delirium tremens**?
Alcohol withdrawals. ## Footnote Signs/symptoms: * fever * confusion * seizures
31
# Treatment: acute alcohol intoxication
* IV fluids * Thiamine * Consider glucose if hypoglycemia is suspected.
32
# Define: cocaine
Natural occurring alkaloid.
33
What are the **signs/symptoms** of **bath salts**?
* Hallucinations * Paranoia * Agitation
34
# Treatment: stimulant abuse
* Prevent seizures. * Consider beta blockers to lower the pulse rate. * Apply ice packs for hyperthermia.
35
What is **LSD**?
Lysergic Acid Diethylamine ## Footnote Primarily affects the senses.
36
What is **PCP**?
Phencyclidine ## Footnote Dissociative anesthetic.
37
# Define: ketamine
**Dissociative anesthetic** that preserves respiratory drive; commonly used as a **sedative** and for pain management.
38
What are **peyote** and **mescaline**?
**Hallucinogens** derived from cacti, traditionally used in Native American ceremonies.
39
What are **sedative hypnotics**?
**CNS depressants** that reduce anxiety and calm agitation.
40
What are **barbiturates**?
CNS depressants used for sleep, anxiety, and seizures; often end in *“-barbital”*. ## Footnote OD treatment: * IV fluids * Sodium bicarbonate 1 mEq/kg * Furosemide (Lasix)
41
What are **benzodiazepines**?
**CNS depressants** used for anxiety, seizures, and alcohol withdrawal. ## Footnote Antidote: Flumazenil (Romazicon)
42
What are **narcotics, opiates/opoids**?
**Analgesics** used for pain control or sedation. ## Footnote Antidote: Nalaxone
43
# Define: opiate
**Natural drugs** from the opium plant.
44
# Define: opiod
**Synthetic or semi-synthetic drugs** that act on opioid receptors; used medically or illicitly.
45
What is a **type 1 antidysrhythmic**?
**Sodium**-channel blockers. ## Footnote Eg. Lidocaine
46
What is a **type 2 antidysrhythmic**?
Beta-adrenergic or **Beta**-blockers. ## Footnote Eg. Metoprolol, Labetalol
47
What is a **type 3 antidysrhythmic**?
**Potassium**-channel blockers. ## Footnote Eg. Amiodarone
48
What is a **type 4 antidysrhythmic**?
**Calcium**-channel blockers. ## Footnote Eg. Diltiazem
49
# Define: organophosphates
**Pesticides used in agriculture and nerve gases** in the military. ## Footnote Antidote: Atropine, 2-PAM
50
What are the **signs/symptoms** of **carbon monoxide poisoning**?
* cherry-red skin (rare) * headache * confusion * nausea * dizziness ## Footnote Antidote: High-flow oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
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