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Toxicology and Poisonous Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Chocolate contains theobromine and caffeine which are both classified as

A

methylxanthines

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2
Q

Resulting signs of methylxanthines

A

hyperactivity, tachycardia, tachypnea, trembling and potentially death

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3
Q

The more __ the chocolate the more toxic it is

A

bitter

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4
Q

LD 50 of Chocolate

A

100-200 mg/kg

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5
Q

Clinical signs of Alliums (Onions, Garlic, Shallots, Leeks, Chives)

A

hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, V+, weakness, pallor

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6
Q

Clinical signs for rising/yeast bread dough are associated with

A

ethanol toxicosis and foreign body obstruction; severe abdominal pain, bloat, V+, incoordination, depression

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7
Q

Grapes and raisins may cause

A

acute kidney injury in dogs

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8
Q

LD 50 for Tobacco products

A

20-100mg

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9
Q

Death from ingesting tobacco products is due to

A

respiratory paralysis

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10
Q

Clinical signs of xylitol

A

Dogs: hypoglycemia (w/in 30min. of ingestion) secondary to the release of insulin; liver failure and coagulopathy

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11
Q

Why is xylitol toxic to dogs?

A

it is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream resulting in a potent release of insulin from the pancreas

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12
Q

Tx for ingestion of an acid

A

DILUTION

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13
Q

Alkali cause __ lesions than acidic compounds

A

Deeper

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14
Q

Detergents may be

A

nonionic, anionic, cationic

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15
Q

Anionic detergent

A

low toxicity, usually limited to cutaneous, ocular, oral, GI irritation

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16
Q

Cationic detergents

A

Rapidly absorbed and may produce sever local and systemic toxicities. Cats may get oral ulcerations and stomatitis

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17
Q

First aid tx to ingestion of corrosive agents

A

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! oral dilution w/ milk or water

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18
Q

One _ can cause zinc poisoning in a dog

A

penny

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19
Q

Clinical signs for ingestion of zinc

A

PU/PD, hemoglobinuria, diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, V+, GI ulcers

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20
Q

First step of tx for zinc ingestion

A

Remove zinc from GI tract via sx or endoscopy. Activated charcoal is not effective

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21
Q

Pathology of lead

A

combines with RBC and makes them fragile resulting in anemia and capillary damage

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22
Q

When is veterinary tx of ingesting mothballs required?

A

Always

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23
Q

Pathology of mothballs

A

Heinz-body anemia, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, affects liver, RBC, CNS

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24
Q

What is methemoglobin?

A

A type of hemoglobin that carries oxygen through the blood but doesn’t release it to the cells

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25
Marijuana is toxic to
Dogs, cats, and horses
26
Clinical signs of marijuana ingestion
prolonged depression, V+, incoordination, sleepiness, hyper salivation, dilated pupils, low bp, low temp., seizure, coma
27
Tx for ingestion of marijuana
Induce vomiting if ingested in last 30 minutes, activated charcoal, supportive care
28
Members of Rhododendron app. (azalea) contain substances known as grayantoxins which lead to
cardiovascular dysfunction
29
Severe azalea poisoning could ultimately lead to
coma and death from cardiovascular collapse
30
Ricin is one of the most _ plant toxins known, _ are most potent
potent; seeds
31
Lillies are highly toxic to
cats (severe kidney damage)
32
Ingestion of one or two Sago Palm seeds can result in
V+,D+, depression, seizures, and liver failure
33
Pathology of Calcium-Oxalate-Containing plants
Calcium oxalate crystals expelled in the mouth upon chewing, resulting in oropharyngeal edema
34
Clinical signs of ingestion of Calcium-Oxalate-Containing plants
oral irritation, burning of lips, mouth, tongue, drooling, V+, difficulty swallowing
35
Ingestion of ____ from fallen branches causes lysis of the RBC with the subsequent development of hemolytic anemia
wilted or partially dried maple leaves
36
the native red maple is a potent killer of
horses and ponies
37
Horses often die within _ hours of ingestion of wilted maple leaves
18-24
38
_ _ is the most common result of bracken fern poisoning
Enzootic hematuria
39
Bracken ferns primarily affect
Cattle, and less frequently sheep
40
Poisoning of bracken fern most often occurs during ____
late summer when other feed is scarce, or when animals are fed hay containing bracken fern; requires prolonged exposure
41
Clinical signs of Enzootic hematuria
affected cattle are weak, rapidly lose weight, and develop pyrexia (106-110F)
42
Most animals respond to __ for tx of bracken staggers
thiamine therapy
43
SLUDGE stands for:
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI cramping, Emesis
44
Fly bait clinical signs
SLUDGE
45
Many systemic Insecticides contain
Disulfoton, an organophosphate
46
Antidote for systemic insecticides
Atropine and 2-PAM
47
Snail or slug baits usually contain
Metaldehyde
48
Clinical signs of ingestion of snail or slug bait
tachycardia, nervousness, panting, drooling, incoordination, hyperthermia, tremors, seizure
49
Gopher or mole bait may contain zinc phosphide, which is converted to _ _ in the stomach
phosphine gas
50
Released phosphine gas results in
severe respiratory distress
51
Death occurs from gopher/mole bait because of
respiratory failure
52
3 main types of rat/mouse bait
1. anticoagulants 2.bromethalin 3.Cholechalciferol
53
Anticoagulants include:
Short acting and long acting
54
What do anticoagulant rodenticides do to the body
halts the recycling of Vitamin K resulting in blood clotting abnormalities and can result in spontaneous hemorrhage
55
Rait bait-Bromethalin clinical signs
Muscle tremors, seizures, hyper excitability, ataxia, CNS depression, loss of vocalization, paresis, paralysis, and death
56
Minimum duration of Vitamin K therapy for Wafarin
14 days
57
Minimum duration of Vitamin K therapy for Bromadiolone
21 days
58
Minimum duration of Vitamin K therapy for Brodifacoum and others
30 days
59
Rat bait types of anticoagulants
Warfarin, Bromadiolone, Brodifacoum
60
Cholecalciferol causes
kidney failure, CVS abnormalities, tissue mineralization
61
Antifreeze prodcuts
Methanol, Propylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol
62
Methanol is most commonly found in
windshield washer fluids
63
Small exposure vs Large exposure of methanol
Sm: only mild GI upset L: supportive care for metabolic acidosis
64
Main ingredient in the safer antifreeze forms and 3x less toxic than ethylene glycol
Propylene Glycol
65
Most dangerous form of antifreeze
Ethylene Glycol
66
Toxic metabolites of EG cause
severe metabolic acidosis and renal tubular epithelial damage
67
Other than bloodwork, ethylene glycol can be examined in the
urine
68
Preferred method of tx for ethylene Glycol but is not effective in cats
Fomepizole
69
Other tx for Ethylene Glycol can be used in dogs and cats
Ethanol
70
Human NSAIDS toxic to animals
Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Ibuprofen
71
One extra strength (500mg) tablet ingest by a cat can result in
toxicosis
72
Acetaminophen is rapidly and almost completely
absorbed from the GI tract
73
No dose of acetaminophen is safe in cats since they are deficient in
glucuronyl transferase
74
There are acceptable daily dosages of __ in dogs and cats
Aspirin
75
Clinical signs of overdoses
depression, V+, GI ulceration, increased bleeding times, hematemesis, anorexia, tachypnea, and more
76
__ may be used therapeutically but can cause gastric ulcers and is generally not recommended
Ibuprofen
77
Clinical signs of Ibuprofen
GI ulcerations, perforations, hemorrhage of GI tract

Pathology & Diseases (6 decks)

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