aqueous iodine + sodium hydroxide + warm
- Tri-iodomethane/iodoform Test
- Positive Test: Yellow ppt (CHI3) formed
- FA contains alcohol with -CHCH3OH or aldehyde or ketone with -COCH3
aqueous sodium hydroxide + excess dilute HNO3 + aqueous AgNO3
if + aqueous NH3
- Halogenoalkanes Test
- Positive Test: White ppt (Cl) / Cream ppt (Br) / Yellow ppt (I)
- FA contains halogenoalkanes
- Positive Test: dissolves in dilute NH3 (Cl) / dissolves in concentrated NH3 (Br) / insoluble in concentrated NH3 (I)
sodium carbonate
- Acid-Carbonate Reaction
- Positive Test: Effervescence of a colourless gas that gives white ppt when bubbled through limewater
- FA contains carboxylic acid
potassium dichromate + sodium hydroxide + heat
- Oxidation
- Positive Test: Orange solution turns green
- FA contains primary alcohol / secondary alcohol / aldehyde
potassium manganate (VII) + sodium hydroxide + warm
- Oxidation
- Positive Test: Purple solution decolourises/turns colourless
- FA contains primary alcohols / secondary alcohol / aldehyde / alkene / arene
Tollens’ reagent + warm
- Silver mirror test
- Positive Test: Silver mirror formed
- FA contains aldehyde
Fehling’s solution A + Fehling’s solution B + warm
- Fehling’s reagent
- Positive Test: Reddish-brown ppt formed
- FA contains aldehyde
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
(2,4-DNPH)
- Condensation
- Positive Test: Orange ppt formed
- FA contains aldehyde or ketone
energetics formulas for heat change (q)
q = mc(ΔT)
q = C(ΔT)
where,
m = mass of solution (g)
c = specific heat capacity of solution (J/g/K)
ΔT = change in temperature (K or Celsius)
C = heat capacity of solution
energetics formula for enthalpy change (ΔH)
ΔH = +/- q/n
where,
q = heat change (J)
n = no. of moles of substance
Weighted average initial temperature
(Va x Ta + Vb x Tb)/ Va +Vb
Solubility product (Ksp) of AxBy ⇌ x A^a+ + y B^b-
Ksp = [A^a+]^x[B^b-]^y
