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Flashcards in Trans - Biases in Research Deck (25)
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1
Q

validity

A

closeness to the truth

2
Q

reliability

A

closeness of the observations to each other

2
Q

random error

A

systematic deviations away from the truth (noise)

3
Q

systematic error

A

a process at any stage of inference tending to produce results that depart systematically from the true values

3
Q

selection bias

A

occurs when a selection procedure favors one treatment over another

4
Q

selection bias reduced by:

A

sampling
adherence to inclusion and exclusion criteria
random allocation of treatment

5
Q

performance bias

A

occurs when a study procedure favors one treatment group over another

6
Q

performance bias reduced by

A

blinding

standardization of procedures

7
Q

detection bias

A

occurs when outcome assessment favors one group over another

8
Q

detection bias reduced by

A

blinding
standardization of tools and procedures
pretesting

9
Q

exclusion bias

A

occurs when a procedure removes a subject or treatment group from data analysis

10
Q

confounding bias

A

occurs when a risk factor is closely associated with the one of interest

the effect of one is confused with or distorted by the effect of the other

11
Q

reporting bias

A

occurs when part of the research findings are not reported

12
Q

the process of deciding which subjects should get what treatment

A

allocation

13
Q

process of subdividing the subject group into homoegenous subgroups before or after allocation

A

stratification

14
Q

good allocation

A
  1. blinded
  2. future assignments cannot be predicted from past assignments
  3. reproducible
  4. documented
15
Q

process of allocating the subject to the treatment by an auditable random process

A

randomization

16
Q

performance of additional diagnostic or therapeutic acts on the experimental group but not on the control

A

co interventions

17
Q

co interventions result in:

A

spurious increase in the difference of clinical outcomes observed

18
Q

control patients accidentally receive treatment

A

contamination

20
Q

contamination results in:

A

spurious decrease in the difference of the clinical outcomes observed

21
Q

noncompliers

A

patients who do not drop out but do not follow the treatment

22
Q

withdrawals

A

patients who decline to continue or are dropped from the study

23
Q

drop outs

A

results will not be known

48
Q

drop outs

A

results will not be known