criteria for selecting the population
- validity
- applicability
- feasibility
- ethics
direct approach
use of human models
indirect approach
use of animals, tissue, microorganisms
volunteer populations - what may result
volunteer bias
diseased populations - what may result
not necessarily representatives of those who have the disease
clinic or hospital populations - what may result
not representative of the general population
persons at home or community - what may result
not representative of the general population
ultimate goal of ethics
protection of participants
4 principles in statutory framework
- all researches should have a written protocol
- all researches should be reviewed by an institutional review board
- all researches must impose standards for informed consent
- all researches must adhere to good clinical practice
spontaneous animal models
natural or spontaneously developed characteristic of interest
experimental animal models
has an induced change to create the characteristic of interest
normal models
normal counterpart of the diseased state
rats and mice are commonly used for:
causation and harm studies
pigeons and primates are commonly used for:
behavioral studies
zebrafish are commonly used for:
embryology studies
the researcher must use (higher or lower) species on the evolutionary tree for research
lower
2 principles in animal ethics
- refine technique to reduce suffering
2. reduce number of animals without compromising results
diabetes model
streptozotocin-induced mouse model
asthma model
ovalbumin-induced mouse model
arthritis model
squalene injection of joints
liver damage model
carbon tetrachloride induced
gout model
potassium oxonate induced
tumor model
inoculation with HT29 cancer cells
vascular growth model
duck embryo
