Trans - GI Histology Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Germ layer origin of the proctodeum and stomodeum
A
Ectoderm
2
Q
Germ layer origin of the gut
A
Endoderm, except for proctodeum and stomodeum
3
Q
Area of referred pain from the foregut
A
Epigastric region
4
Q
Area of referred pain from the midgut
A
Periumbilical region
5
Q
Area of referred pain from the hindgut
A
Hypogastric region
6
Q
Embryonic precursor of foregut
A
Preenteron
7
Q
Embryonic precursor of midgut
A
Mesenteron
8
Q
Embryonic precursor of hindgut
A
Metenteron
9
Q
Layers of the gut from internal to external
A
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa / tunica muscularis
- Serosa / adventitia
10
Q
Meissner’s plexus is located in the:
A
Submucosa
11
Q
Meissner’s plexus: function
A
Parasympathetic innervation to control contraction of the GIT
12
Q
Auerbach’s plexus is located in the:
A
Tunica muscularis
13
Q
Auerbach’s plexus: function
A
Sympathetic and parasympathetic motor innervation to tunica muscularis
14
Q
Difference of serosa and adventitia
A
Serosa – with mesothelium (peritoneal or mesothelial pleura)
Adventitia – without mesothelium, lining is continuous with tissues or organs
15
Q
Most numerous tongue papillae
A
Filiform
16
Q
Least numerous tongue papillae
A
Circumvallate
17
Q
Separates anterior and posterior tongue
A
Sulcus terminalis
18
Q
What glands are associated with the circumvallate papillae?
A
Glands of von Ebner
19
Q
Glands of von Ebner: function
A
Lubrication, solvent for dissolving food
20
Q
Epithelium of oropharynx
A
Stratified squamous nonkeratinizing
21
Q
Epithelium of esophagus
A
Stratified squamous thinly keratinized epithelium
22
Q
Composition of muscularis externa in esophagus
A
Varying depending on segment
Upper 1/3 – purely striated
Middle 1/3 – mixed striated and smooth
Lower 1/3 – purely smooth
23
Q
Process by which undamaged cells from the bottom of the gastric pits migrate to denuded basal lamina
A
Mucosal restitution
24
Q
How to histologically differentiate the different parts of the stomach
A
The different parts of the stomach vary only in mucosal glands
25
Longitudinal folds in stomach
Rugae
26
Depressions in rugae lining the entire stomach
Gastric pits / foveolae
27
Epithelium of stomach
Simple columnar
28
3 layers of muscularis externa in stomach
1. Longitudinal – outermost, complete at pylorus
2. Circular – middle, complete, forms pyloric sphincter
3. Oblique – innermost, incomplete, thickest at cardia
29
Where are the gastric oxyntic glands found?
Gastric fundus and body
30
Cells in gastric oxyntic glands
1. Mucus neck cells
2. Chief cells
3. Parietal / oxyntic cells
4. Enteroendocrine / GI endocrine cells / APUD cells
5. Stem cells
31
Mucus neck cells: function
Secrete mucus for protection and lubrication
32
Chief cells: function
Secrete pepsinogen
33
Parietal cells: function
Secrete HCl and gastric intrinsic factor (for absorption of Vit. B12)
34
APUD cells: function
Produce hormones which influence activity of other cells in the stomach
35
APUD stands for
APUD – Amine Precursor Uptake Decarboxylase
36
Most numerous cells in gastric oxyntic glands
Chief cells
37
Most conspicuous cells in gastric oxyntic glands
Parietal cells
38
Cardiac glands: appearance, location
Slender, tubular, branched at lower end
Located near gastroesophageal junction
39
Pyloric glands: appearance, location, function
Tortuous, branched, larger lumen
Found in deep foveolae of pylorus
Secrete mucus and lysozyme
40
Crescentic folds of mucosa and submucosa in intestine
Plicae circulares / Valves of Kerkring
41
Plicae circulares are most abundant in ________ and least in ______
Most abundant – jejunum
| Least abundant – ileum
42
Structure of villi
Mucosal projections with a core of lamina propria, smooth muscle, central lamina
43
Villi are most numerous in ________
Duodenum and proximal jejunum
44
Striated border of absorptive cells
Microvilli
45
Special features of adluminal surface of absorptive cells
Secrete protein hydrolases, disscaccharidases, carrier proteins
46
Special features of basolateral surface of absorptive cells
Na-K ATPase, receptors
47
Invaginations between bases of villi extending to muscularis mucosa
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
48
Part of the intestine with the highest turnover rate
Jejunum (3-6 days)
49
The upper half of the crypts of Lieberkuhn is (a)________, while the lower half contains (b)________
Continuous with villi epithelium
| Stem cells and Paneth cells
50
Paneth cell – function
Immunological due to presence of lysosomes
51
Confluent lymphoid follicles in the terminal ileum
Peyer’s patches
52
Specialized epithelial cells overlying lymphoid follicles
M cells
53
Brunner’s gland – location, function
Located in duodenum, secrete alkaline mucus and epithelial growth factor (modulates parietal cell secretion and rate of cell proliferation)
54
The muscularis externa is thickened at the terminal ileum to form the:
Ileocecal sphincter
55
Only beneficial substances in the large intestine
Water, electrolytes, vitamin K
56
T/F: There is an increase in the number of goblet cells in the more distal portions of the large intestine
T
57
Shallow sacculations in the colon
Haustrae
58
T/F: The longitudinal muscle layers of the ascending, transverse, and descending colons are incomplete
T. It is concentrated into the taenia coli
59
Enumerate the taenia coli
1. Free
2. Mesenteric
3. Omental
60
Accumulations of adipose tissue in the serosa/adventitia of the colon
Appendices epiploicae
61
Serosa is found in which regions of the colon
Anterior regions of the ascending, descending, and transverse colons
62
Dilated lower portion of the rectum
Rectal ampullae
63
T/F: The longitudinal muscle layer of the entire large intestine is incomplete
F. Taenia coli disappear at the level of the rectum
64
T/F: Rectum has more serosa than adventitia
F
65
Longitudinal mucosal folds in the anus
Columns of Morgagni
66
What anal sphincter is voluntary?
External anal sphincter
67
What anal sphincter is involuntary?
Internal anal sphincter
68
Most common location of the appendix
Retrocecal
69
The appendix has a (thick/thin) submucosa, and a (thick/thin) muscularis
Thick submucosa
| Thin muscularis
70
Fibrous tissue capsule around the liver
Glisson’s capsule
71
Von Kupffer cells – function
Phagocytic cells that eliminate damaged RBCs and bacteria
72
Beginning of bile drainage system
Bile canaliculus
73
Space between hepatocyte and sinusoid
Space of Disse
74
Space of Disse – function
Space where non bile products such as albumin and fibrinogen are released
75
Classical lobule
Anatomic concept:
Hexagonal structure
Central point is central vein
Portal triad is found in corners
76
Portal lobule
Physiologic concept
Triangular structure
Center is portal triad
Central veins found in corners
77
Special features of zone 1 and zone 3 of hepatic acinus
Zone 1 receives most oxygenated blood
Zone 3 most affected by drugs, lipid accumulation
78
Diverticulum of common hepatic duct on visceral surface of the liver
Gallbladder
79
Folding of mucous membrane at the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct
Spiral valve of Heister
80
Outpocketings near the neck of the gallbladder that may be a consequence of inflammation, absent in newborns
Rokitansky-Aschkoff sinuses
81
T/F: The gallbladder has no muscularis mucosa but has a distinct submucosa
F. It has no muscularis mucosa and no distinct submucosa
82
Function of the pancreas
Exocrine – secretion of pancreatic juice
| Endocrine – secretion of insulin and glucagon
83
Initial portion of pancreatic ductal system
Centroacinar cells
84
T/F: Pancreatic cells are highly eosinophilic
F. They are mostly basophilic
85
Pathway of pancreatic juice from acinus to pancreatic duct
Acinus --> intercalated duct --> intralobular duct --> interlobular duct --> pancreatic duct
86
T/F: The pancreas has no striated ducts
T
87
Salivary duct of parotid
Stensen’s duct
88
Salivary duct of submandibular gland
Wharton’s duct
89
Salivary duct of sublingual gland
Duct of Rivinus
90
Where does the Stensen’s duct open
Opposite 2nd upper molar
91
Where do the duct of Rivinus and the Wharton’s duct open
Mouth floor
92
Type of secretion : parotid
Mucous
93
Type of secretion : submandibular
Mixed
94
Type of secretion : sublingual
Serous
95
Histological appearance of mucous salivary gland
Single layer of plump pyramidal cells, nucleus displaced to base due to mucin
96
Histological appearance of serous salivary gland
Columnar/truncated pyramidal cells, apical cytoplasm filled with secretory granules
97
Histological appearance of mixed salivary gland
Proximal mucous cells covered with a distal crescentic cap of dark staining serous demilunes
98
Path of saliva through salivary ducts (from inside to out)
Intercalated --> striated --> interlobular --> main
99
Intercalated salivary duct – epithelium
Low cuboidal
100
Main salivary duct – epithelium
Stratified columnar
101
Striated salivary ducts – cause of striations
Vertically oriented mitochondria of cells
102
Striated salivary ducts – epithelium
Tall columnar epithelium
