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[OS 206] 1st Exam > Trans - Perineum and External Genitalia > Flashcards

Trans - Perineum and External Genitalia Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What is immediately anterior to the perineum?

A

Pubic symphysis

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2
Q

The ischial tuberosities are located _____ to the perineum

A

Lateral

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3
Q

The anal canal is found in the

A

Anal triangle

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4
Q

What encloses the urogenital triangle?

A

Perineal membrane

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5
Q

Ischiocavernosus: action

A

Forces blood from cavernous spaces in crura into distal parts of corpora cavernosa

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6
Q

What muscles compress the bulb of the penis and the corpora spongiosum?

A

Bulbospongiosus

Bulbocavernosus

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7
Q

Aids pelvic diaphragm in supporting pelvic viscera

A

Superficial transverse perineal muscles

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8
Q

Bartholin’s gland: function

A

Lubricates vaginal canal by secreting mucus

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9
Q

What is located immediately inferior to the deep perineal space?

A

Perineal membrane

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10
Q

Most prominent blood vessel in the deep perineal space

A

Deep dorsal vein of the penis / clitoris

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11
Q

Lubricates and cleanses the urethra during ejaculation

A

Cowper’s gland

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12
Q

The deep post-anal space is where the ____ communicate

A

Ischiorectal fossa

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13
Q

Medial boundary of the ischiorectal fossa

A

External anal sphincter

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14
Q

What nerves are in the ischiorectal fossa?

A
  1. Perforating cutaneous branches of S2 and S3

2. Perineal branch of S4

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15
Q

Voluntary sphincter surrounding the inferior 2/3 of the anal canal

A

External anal sphincter

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16
Q

Prolapse of the bladder and / or uterus is caused by:

A

Stretching or tearing of the perineal body

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17
Q

Location of the perineal body

A

Central point of perineum

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18
Q

What four muscles converge at the central point of the perineum?

A
  1. Bulbocavernosus
  2. Superficial transverse perineal
  3. External anal sphincter
  4. Levator ani
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19
Q

The central point of the perineum is important because:

A

It determines whether the surgeon should go medial or mediolateral during an episiotomy

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20
Q

Episiotomy: definition

A

Surgical incision of perineum and interoposterior vaginal wall performed just prior to delivery to prevent perineal lacerations

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21
Q

This type of episiotomy heals faster

A

Medial

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22
Q

Episiotomy in which muscles are severed

A

Mediolateral

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23
Q

Why are mediolateral episiotomies done?

A

If the length of the perineal body is less than 3mm, a mediolateral episiotomy must be performed to prevent complications

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24
Q

Perineal lacerations are often caused by

A

Unprotected childbirth

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25
What muscles are involved in a first degree perineal laceration?
None
26
T/F: A second degree perineal laceration does not involve urogenital structures
F
27
What muscle is cut in a third degree perineal laceration?
External anal sphincter
28
Primary function of external genitalia
Copulation and parturition
29
T/F: During the sixth week of gestation, genitalia can be differentiated
F
30
At what age of gestation are sex indicators present?
Seventh week AOG
31
The phallus is formed from what embryonic structure
Genital tubercle
32
In males, the urethral plate is formed from what embryonic structure
Epithelial lining of groove from endoderm
33
At what age of gestation is the penile urethra formed?
3rd month AOG
34
When is the definitive external urethral meatus formed?
4th month AOG
35
What structure moves caudally to form the scrotal swellings?
Genital swellings
36
What embryonic structure becomes the clitoris?
Genital tubercle
37
In females, the urethral folds form the _______
Labia minora
38
The labia majora are formed when the _______ enlarge greatly
Genital swellings
39
The area between the hymen and the labia majora
Vestibule
40
Male copulatory organ and outlet for urine and semen
Penis
41
Location of the root of the penis
Superficial perineal pouch
42
What structure attaches to the pubis?
Crura
43
What muscles compose the root of the penis?
Ischiocavernosus | Bulbospongiosus
44
Swollen end of the corpus spongiosum
Glans
45
Skin that covers the glans penis
Prepuce
46
Fold on ventral surface of the penis from urethral meatus to corona
Frenulum
47
Enumerate the cavernous bodies
1. Corpora cavernosa | 2. Corpora spongiosa
48
Ends distally to form the glans
Corpus spongiosum
49
Structure that encloses each corpus
Tunica albuginea
50
Encloses all three corpora
Buck’s fascia
51
Anchors erectile bodies of penis to the pubic symphysis
Suspensory ligament of the penis
52
Fibromuscular sac for the testis and associated structures
Scrotum
53
Causes the wrinkling of the scrotum with age
Dartos muscle
54
Demarcates the midline of the scrotum
Scrotal raphe
55
Function of the scrotum
Maintains a constant temperature ideal for sperm development and maturation – scrotal sac contracts when cold, relaxes when warm/hot
56
Function of testes
Sperm production | Hormone secretion
57
Cells that produce testosterone
Leydig cells
58
Remains of the peritoneum that covers the testes
Tunica vaginalis
59
In the 28th week AOG, the testes are located ________
In the inguinal canal, descending to the scrotum
60
Structure wherein sperm mature
Epididymis
61
Sensory and erectile tissue for sexual arousal and intercourse in females
Vulva / pudenda
62
Structure anterior to the pubic symphysis, pubic tubercles, and superior pubic rami in females
Mons pubis
63
Prominent folds of skin located on the sides of the pudendal cleft
Labia majora
64
Continuation of the Scarpa’s fascia in the perineum
Colles’ fascia
65
Structure that immediately surrounds the vestibule
Labia minora
66
Erectile organ located at the anterior junction of the left and right labia minora
Clitoris
67
Structure that immediately surrounds the vaginal orifice
Hymen
68
Structure that secretes mucus into the vestibule during sexual arousal
Bartholin’s gland
69
Location of Bartholin’s gland
Superficial perineal pouch
70
Paired masses of elongated erectile tissue found along the sides of the vaginal orifice
Bulbs of the vestibule
71
Difference between a penis and clitoris (structurally)
Clitoris does not have corpus spongiosum
72
The dorsal artery to the penis/clitoris is a branch of the _________
Internal pudendal artery
73
T/F: The main artery of the vulva is called the external pudendal artery
T
74
Collects blood from the venous plexus, draining the cavernous spaces
Deep dorsal vein of the penis
75
Lymphatic drainage from the glans and distal spongy urethra proceeds to what lymph nodes?
Deep inguinal and external iliac
76
Lymphatic drainage of the glans of the clitoris and anterior labia majora
Deep inguinal nodes
77
T/F: Sympathetic stimulation produces increased vaginal secretion, erection of clitoris, and engorgement of bulbs of the vestibule
F. Parasympathetic stimulation is what causes these responses
78
Provides sensory and sympathetic innervation to the glans and skin of the penis
Dorsal nerve of the penis
79
Nerve that supplies the anterior aspect of the vulva
Anterior labial nerve
80
Boundaries of the deep perineal space
Inferior - perineal membrane Superior - inferior fascia of pelvic diaphragm Lateral - obturator fascia
81
Males: Cowper's gland :: Females: ________
Bartholin's gland
82
Boundaries of ischiorectal fossa
Anterior - base of urogenital diaphragm and fascia Posterior - gluteus maximus, sacrotuberous ligament Lateral - ischium, obturator internus Medial - external anal sphincter Superomedial - levator ani
83
Contents of ischiorectal fossa
Fat Inferior rectal vessels Inferior rectal nerves
84
Parts of external anal sphincter
1. Subcutaneous - circular part 2. Superficial - elliptical part (central tendon to tip of coccyx) 3. Deep - circular, overlaps internal anal sphincter
85
Muscles affected in 2nd degree perineal laceration
Posterior portion of superficial transverse perineal, bulbocavernosus
86
Muscles affectied in 3rd degree perineal laceration
Muscles cut in 2nd degree laceration | External anal sphincter
87
Muscles affected in 2nd degree perineal laceration
Muscles cut in 2nd and 3rd degree laceration | Anterior wall of rectum (lumen of rectum exposed)
88
T/F: urethral folds in females fuse to form the clitoris
F, they do not fuse, forming the labia minora
89
opening of urogenital groove to surface in females
vestibule
90
root of the penis is composed of:
Crura - attached to pubis Bulb of the urethra/penis Ischiocavernosus, bulbocavernosus
91
Part of the penis overhanging the neck of the glans
corona
92
What structure lies between the tunica albuginea and Buck's fascia
Internal pudendal vessels
93
What structure lies between the loose CT layers and Buck's fascia
superficial dorsal vein of the penis
94
Elongation of tunica dartos that divides the scrotum into 2 compartments
scrotal septum
95
midline of the scrotum
scrotal raphe
96
the scrotal raphe is continuous with:
penile raphe in the penis | perineal raphe in the perineum
97
Composed of connective tissue continuous with subcutaneous tissue of abdominal wall, and Colle's fascia
Dartos fascia
98
which testis is usually suspended more inferiorly
left
99
the testes enter the scrotum at around:
32nd week of gestation
100
Presence of excess fluid in a persistent processus vaginalis
Hydrocoele
101
Dilated and tortous veins in the pampiniform plexus may result in
Varicocoele
102
The termination of the round ligament of the uterus is at the
atnerior portion of labia majora
103
Paraurethral glands open where?
on each side of the urethral orifice
104
Lesser vestibular glands open where?
between urethral and vaginal orifices
105
function of lesser vestibular glands
mucous secretion

[OS 206] 1st Exam (12 decks)

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