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BIOCHEMISTRY Q1 > Transcription > Flashcards

Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotide consists of

A

Base + phosphate + ribose

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2
Q

Nucleoside

A

Base + ribose

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3
Q

RNA

A

Contains an -OH on the carbon ring

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4
Q

DNA

A

Contains H+ on the carbon ring

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5
Q

Most common site of phosphorylation of nucleotide

A

Hydroxyl group at 5’ carbon of the ribose (phophodiester bond)

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6
Q

Type of bonds that allow DNA to dissociate

A

H+

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7
Q

Nucleotides can exist in what forms

A

Mono, di, tri

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8
Q

Ribose sugar linked covalently (N-glycosidic bond) to what area of purine and pyramidine

A

N-9 (purine)

N-1 (pyramidine)

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9
Q

Type of bond of ribose to nucleoside and nucleotide

A

Covalent

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10
Q

Purine bases

A

Guanine / adenine

pure as gold

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11
Q

Pyrimidine (bases)

A

Cytosine / Uricil / Thymine

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12
Q

Precursor to DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

Universal currency of energy

A

ATP

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14
Q

Forms portion of several coenzymes

A

Nucleotides (coenzymes - NAD, NADP, FAD, CoA, SAM)

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15
Q

Act as second messengers in signal transduction (cAMP, cGMP)

A

Nucleotides

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16
Q

Controls enzymatic reactions and serves as activated intermediates

A

Nucleotides

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17
Q

Polymer of deoxyribonucleotides linked through phosphodiester bonds

A

DNA

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18
Q

Polymer of nucleoside monophosphates

A

DNA

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19
Q

Polarity of DNA results from

A

asymmetry of nucleoside monophosphate monomers

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20
Q

Two helical polynucleotide chains are coiled around a common axis to form right-handed double helix (definition developed by)

A

Watson and Crick

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21
Q

DNA chains run parallel or antiparallel

A

Antiparallel

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22
Q

DNA bases located

A

Inside helix

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23
Q

DNA phosphate and deoxyribose are located

A

Outside of helix

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24
Q

DNA chains held together by

A

H+ bonds

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25
Q

Distance between bases

A

3.4 (0.34 nm)

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26
Q

Adenine + Thymine (# and type of bonds)

A

2, H+ bonds

27
Q

Guanine + Cytosine

A

3, H+ bonds

28
Q

A/G and C/T nearly always equal to 1

A

Chargaff

29
Q

Regulatory proteins exist where on DNA

A

Major and minor grooves on surface of double helix

30
Q

Precise sequence of bases carrier

A

Genetic information

31
Q

Charge of DNA

A

Negative

32
Q

Negative charge of DNA due to

A

Phosphate groups

33
Q

3 dominant forms of DNA

A

B-
Z-
A-

34
Q

Dominant form of DNA

A

B-DNA

35
Q

B- and A- DNA (right or left)

A

Right-handed helix

36
Q

Z-DNA (left or right handed)

A

Left-handed

37
Q

Proteins are made directly from DNA (true or false)

A

False

38
Q

Complementary copy of DNA

A

mRNA

39
Q

Translated on a ribosome

A

mRNA

40
Q

Used to direct protein synthesis

A

Genetic code

41
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and associated proteins

42
Q

DNA packed in highly organized structural units

A

Chromosomes

43
Q

Majority of protein in chromatin

A

Histones

44
Q

Histones are rich in what amino acids

A

Arginine and lysine (positively charged)

45
Q

Nucleosome is made up of

A

2 loops of DNA + 8 histones

46
Q

DNA protein complexes are termed

A

Chromatin

47
Q

Non-histones proteins in chromatin are mainly

A

Enzymes

48
Q

Nucleosomes are packed together and form a

A

Solenoid

49
Q

Types of RNA

A 
mRNA (code)
rRNA (structure)
tRNA (transfer)
snRNA
\+very small RNA - miRNA (inhibit) and siRNA (degrade)
50
Q

code for proteins

A

mRNA

51
Q

form the basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis

A

rRNAs

52
Q

central to protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and AA

A

tRNAs

53
Q

function in a variety of nuclear processes, splice pre-mRNA

A

snRNAs (small nuclear)

54
Q

modify snoRNAs and snRNAs

A

scaRNAs (small cajals)

55
Q

process and chemically modify rRNAs

A

snoRNAs

56
Q

regulate gene expression typically by blocking translation of selective mRNAs (INHIBITION)

A

miRNAs

57
Q

Turn off gene expression by directing DEGRADATION of selective mRNAs and the establishment of compact chromatin structures

A

siRNAs

58
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA > RNA > protein

59
Q

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA are all involved in protein synthesis - which one is responsible for directing synthesis of proteins

A

mRNA

60
Q

How are all RNAs catalyzed/synthesized from DNA templates

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerases

61
Q

Process of RNA synthesis

A

Transcription

62
Q

Template for RNA synthesis

A

DNA

63
Q

Three stages of transcription

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

64
Q

Difference in RNA polymerases between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic - 1 (single)

Eukaryotic - I, II, III

BIOCHEMISTRY Q1 (11 decks)

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