[Cu(H2O)6]2+
Pale blue
Cu(OH)2
Pale blue precipitate
NH3 dropwise
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
Dark blue
Excess NH3
CuCl4-
Yellow
Excess HCl
Cu+
White precipitate
Add I2
CoCl42-
Blue
Excess HCl
[Cr(H2O)6]3+
Pale purple
(Heat = green)
Cr(OH)3
Dark green precipitate
NH3 dropwise
[Cr(NH)3]3+
Purple
Excess NH3
[Cr(OH)6]3-
Dark green
Excess OH-
Cr2O7
Orange
CrO42-
Yellow
Hot H2O2
[Mn(H2O)6]2+
Pale pink
Mn(OH)2
Pale brown precipitate
[Fe(H2O)6]2+
Pale green
Fe(OH)2
Dark green precipitate
[Fe(H2O)6]3+
Yellow
Fe(OH)3
Orange-brown precipitate
MnO4-/Fe2+ —> Mn2+/ Fe3+
Purple —> pale pink
I-/Fe3+ —> I2/ Fe2+
Orange brown —> brown