Tubulointerstitial Disease 2 - Vo Flashcards
One of what three criteria are needed to dx AKI?
a rise in serum creatinine of at least 0.3 mg/dL over a 48 hr period
A rise in serum creatinine more than 1.5X the baseline value within the 7 previous days
Urine volume less than 0.5 ml/Kg per hour for 6 hours
What is the one caveat of those three diagnostic criteria?
We do not diagnose AKI upon urine volume alone.
65 to 75% of AKI are due to what to types?
Prerenal diseae or ATN
What is the basical pathophysiology of all AKI?
an abrupt decrease in renal function. This can further be classified into prerenal, intrinsic or postreanl
What is the mechanism of prerenal AKI?
Systemic hypoperfusion. When the mean arterial pressure is reduced, activation of cardiac and arterial receptors increase sympathetic neutral tone and the release of both renin and ADH. The ensuing arteriolar and venular constriction and stimulation of cardiac function return to the systemic blood pressure and CO toward normal. Autoregulation at the glomerular level allows maintenance of GFR during mild to moderate hypoperfusion. However, with severe hypoperfusion, intense renal vasoconstriction can diminish both renal blood flow and GFR. However, glomeruli, tubules and interstitium are intact.
What are the causes of prerenal AKI?
True volume depletion from GI loss, Renal loss, skin or respiratory loss, or third space sequestration (crush injury)
Hypotension (from shock of post-tx of severe hypertension)
Edematous States: heart failure and cirrhosis can cause reductions of kidney perfusion.
Selective renal ischemia - from stenosis
Drugs - i.e. NSAIDs or ACEi or ARBs
How are prostaglandins messed up in drug use that can lead to AKI?
When you use NSAIDs, you block PG formation, which can already be reduced due to pre-existing syndromes. These vasodilate and help preserve renal reperfusion and glomerular filtration. So you don’t want to inhibit their production or activity.
What is the mechanism of ATI/ATN?
prolonged or sever ischemia can cause it. Leads to necrosis with denuding of the epithelium and occlusion of the tubular lumen by casts and cells.
What other mechanism (not prolonged ischemia) can lead to ATN?
nephrotoxins
What are causes of ATN? 3 major ones
Renal ischemia, sepsis and nephrotoxins
What type of drug commonly can cause ATN?
aminoglycosides
WHen, after aminoglycoside use, will ATN present?
5-7 days
What features post aminoglycoside tx will people present with?
non-oliguria, due to a loss in renal concentrating ability
polyuria and hypomagnesemia
electrolyte abnormalities
How can heme pigments be introduced that can lead to ATN?
myoglobin from rhabdomyolysis and hemoglobin from hemolysis of rbcs
How can radiocontrast media lead to ATN?
it causes acute tubular necrosis related to vasoconstriction and cytotoxic effects from contrast.
