Tumour Pathology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

List the local effects of benign tumours

A
  • Pressure: growth pushing on tissues

- Obstruction - hollow structure narrowing increasing pressure

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2
Q

List the local effects of malignant tumours

A
  • Pressure
  • Obstruction
  • Tissue damage: ulceration/infection
  • Bleeding: invasion into blood vessel - haemorrhage (large blood loss) or anaemia (small BV causing chronic and slow loss)
  • Pain: pressure on nerves or perineurial infiltration if tumour invades nerves, and metastasis on bone weakens structure
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3
Q

List the systemic effects of cancer

A
  • Weight loss: cancers can produce cachexia which promotes weight loss or tumour can be in oesophagus and prevent food and nutrient to pass through
  • Secretion of hormones
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes
  • Effects of treatment
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4
Q

Describe normal hormone production by tumours of endocrine gland

A

Normal hormones produced but abnormal control of hormone production/secretion

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5
Q

Describe abnormal hormone production by tumours

A

Inappropriate production by tumour from an organ that does not normally produce hormones

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6
Q

Name two hormones that are secreted inappropriately

A

ADH and ACTH by lung cancer - both supposed to be produced by the pituitary gland

Excess of hormone production indication of underlying tumour

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7
Q

Explain paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Occur alongside the growth of the cancer due to activation of your immune system or by production of hormone/growth factor

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8
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Pre-Malignant change to cells - earliest change in the process of malignancy that can be visualised

Identified in epithelium, no invasion but can progress to cancer

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9
Q

Characteristics of dysplasia

A
  • Disorganisation of cells: increased nuclear size and mitotic activity and abnormal mitoses
  • Grading of dysplasia: high and low
  • No invasion
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10
Q

How to detect cancer at an early stage

A
  • Requires effective test: sensitive/specific

- Cervical cancer screening - dysplasia - cervical smear test

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11
Q

Why is it important to detect cancer at an early stage?

A

Important to detect cancer at primary site/at pre-invasive stage to reduce morbidity/mortality

Detection of pre-inavasive stage - identification of dysplasia/intraepithelial neoplasia (specific to epithelium)

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12
Q

Use of cervical cancer screening

A
  • Reduce incidence of squamous carcinoma of cervix

- Detection of dysplastic cells from squamous epithelium of cervix

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