Acute Inflammation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A
  • Rubor (redness)
  • Calot (heat)
  • Tumor (swelling)
  • Dolor (pain)
  • Loss of function
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2
Q

What are 6 causes of acute inflammation?

A
  • Microorganisms
  • Mechanical (trauma)
  • Chemical (pH)
  • Extreme physical condition (sunburn, frostbite)
  • Dead tissue
  • Hypersensitivity
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3
Q

What is microcirculation?

A
  • Circulation of blood in capillaries (from arterioles to venules)
  • Lymphatic capillaries and ducts
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4
Q

Outline pathogenesis in acute inflammation

A
  • Vessel radius change

- Change in permeability of vessel wall - Exudation

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5
Q

What is exudation?

A

Movement of neutrophils from vessel to extravascular space

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of vessel radius change?

A
  • Ateriolar constriction
  • Ateriolar dilation
  • Relaxation of smooth muscle
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7
Q

What is the triple reponse?

A

Flush, flare, wheal

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8
Q

Why increase radius of blood vessel?

A

Increases local tissue blood flow

-Redness and heat

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9
Q

What causes changes in vessel wall during acute inflammation?

A

Locally produced chemical mediators cause an endothelial leak - fluid and protein diffuse to tissue

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10
Q

What are the effect of increased permeability?

A

Net movement of plasma from capillaries to extravascular space (exudation)

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11
Q

What are the components of exudate?

A

Fluid which is rich in plasma protein; immunoglobulin and fibrinogen

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12
Q

What are the effects of exudation?

A

Oedema formed causing tissue to swell and thus causing pain and reducing function

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13
Q

What is oedema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in extravascular space

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14
Q

Effect of increased permeability on flow

A

Slows down due to increased viscosity - stasis

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15
Q

In short, what are the stages in the movement of neutrophils into extravascular space?

A
  1. Margination
  2. Pavementing
  3. Emigration
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16
Q

What occurs in margination?

A

Neutrophils move to endothelial aspect of lumen

-Normally in centre of vessel

17
Q

What occurs in pavementing?

A

Neutrophils adhere to endothelium

18
Q

What occurs in emigration?

A

Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells (active so requires energy) to extravascular tissues

19
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Passive movement of RBC through leaky capillaries

20
Q

Describe ideal resolution of acute inflammation?

A
  • Inciting agent destroyed and phagocytosis of debris
  • Epithelial surface regenerates
  • Exudate filtered away
  • Vessel radius normal
  • Inflam. resolves
21
Q

Benefits of acute inflammation

A
  • Rapid and nonspecific
  • Cardinal signs protect inflamed area
  • Neutrophils destroy and macrophages phagocytose
  • Plasma proteins localise process
  • Resolution
22
Q

What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?

A
  • Resolution
  • Suppuration
  • Organisation
  • Chronic inflammation
23
Q

What is suppuration?

A

Pus formation

24
Q

What is organisation?

A

When tissue unable to regenerate cells, granulation tissue forms scar