Acute Inflammation 1

Question 1

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 1

• Rubor (redness)
• Calot (heat)
• Tumor (swelling)
• Dolor (pain)
• Loss of function

Question 2

What are 6 causes of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

• Microorganisms
• Mechanical (trauma)
• Chemical (pH)
• Extreme physical condition (sunburn, frostbite)
• Dead tissue
• Hypersensitivity

Question 3

What is microcirculation?

Answer 3

• Circulation of blood in capillaries (from arterioles to venules)
• Lymphatic capillaries and ducts

Question 4

Outline pathogenesis in acute inflammation

Answer 4

• Vessel radius change

- Change in permeability of vessel wall - Exudation

Question 5

What is exudation?

Answer 5

Movement of neutrophils from vessel to extravascular space

Question 6

What are the 3 types of vessel radius change?

Answer 6

• Ateriolar constriction
• Ateriolar dilation
• Relaxation of smooth muscle

Question 7

What is the triple reponse?

Answer 7

Flush, flare, wheal

Question 8

Why increase radius of blood vessel?

Answer 8

Increases local tissue blood flow

-Redness and heat

Question 9

What causes changes in vessel wall during acute inflammation?

Answer 9

Locally produced chemical mediators cause an endothelial leak - fluid and protein diffuse to tissue

Question 10

What are the effect of increased permeability?

Answer 10

Net movement of plasma from capillaries to extravascular space (exudation)

Question 11

What are the components of exudate?

Answer 11

Fluid which is rich in plasma protein; immunoglobulin and fibrinogen

Question 12

What are the effects of exudation?

Answer 12

Oedema formed causing tissue to swell and thus causing pain and reducing function

Question 13

What is oedema?

Answer 13

Accumulation of fluid in extravascular space

Question 14

Effect of increased permeability on flow

Answer 14

Slows down due to increased viscosity - stasis

Question 15

In short, what are the stages in the movement of neutrophils into extravascular space?

Answer 15

1. Margination
2. Pavementing
3. Emigration

Question 16

What occurs in margination?

Answer 16

Neutrophils move to endothelial aspect of lumen

-Normally in centre of vessel

Question 17

What occurs in pavementing?

Answer 17

Neutrophils adhere to endothelium

Question 18

What occurs in emigration?

Answer 18

Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells (active so requires energy) to extravascular tissues

Question 19

What is diapedesis?

Answer 19

Passive movement of RBC through leaky capillaries

Question 20

Describe ideal resolution of acute inflammation?

Answer 20

• Inciting agent destroyed and phagocytosis of debris
• Epithelial surface regenerates
• Exudate filtered away
• Vessel radius normal
• Inflam. resolves

Question 21

Benefits of acute inflammation

Answer 21

• Rapid and nonspecific
• Cardinal signs protect inflamed area
• Neutrophils destroy and macrophages phagocytose
• Plasma proteins localise process
• Resolution

Question 22

What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 22

• Resolution
• Suppuration
• Organisation
• Chronic inflammation

Question 23

What is suppuration?

Answer 23

Pus formation

Question 24

What is organisation?

Answer 24

When tissue unable to regenerate cells, granulation tissue forms scar