Tumour Pathology 5 Flashcards

1
Q

List carcinogenesis factors

A
  • Geographical and environmental
  • Ages
  • Heredity
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2
Q

Tumour suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes) function

A

Growth inhibiting genes that discourage growth or temporarily halt cell division to carry out DNA repair

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3
Q

Proto-oncogenes function

A

Genes that promote normal cell growth and mitosis

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4
Q

Key event in tumour formation

A

Uncontrolled cell proliferation via cell cycle dysregulation via loss of tumour suppressor gene function

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5
Q

Effect of mutation of CDKIs

A

Drive proliferation

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6
Q

Effect of mutational activation of Cyclin D or CDK4

A

Loss of ability to inhibit pRb allowing it to bind to E2F and stop the cell cycle

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7
Q

Two types of inheritance on oncogenes

A
  • Inherited form

- Sporadic form

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8
Q

What is the ‘two hit hypothesis’ of oncogenesis?

A

More than one mutation necessary for carcinogenesis

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9
Q

Describe inherited form of retinoblastomas

A
  • One defective inherited copy of pRb
  • Somatic point mutation of other copy later in life

Develops earlier than sporadic as one requires 1 mutation

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10
Q

Describe sporadic form of retinoblastomas

A

-Both mutations occur in a single cell

Cancer develops later in life as individual must have 2 mutations

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11
Q

Proto-oncogenes function

A

Genes that code for proteins that regulate cell growth

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12
Q

How are oncogenes formed?

A
  • Mutation in DNA coding for photo-oncogenes

- Dysregulation of photo-oncogene expression; over expression

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13
Q

Oncogene function

A

Uncontrolled cell proliferation

  • Growth factors
  • Signal transduction
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14
Q

Viral carcinogenesis mechanisms

A
  • Virus genome inserts near host photo-oncogene
  • Viral promoter cause porto-oncogene over expression
  • Retroviruses insert oncogene into host DNA causing mitosis
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15
Q

List DNA viruses known to cause cancer in human

A
  • HPV (cervical cancer)
  • Hep B (liver cancer)
  • EBV (burkitt lymphoma)
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16
Q

Chemical carcinogenesis affect on oncogenesis

A

Carcinogens react with DNA to form covalently bound products; DNA adducts

Adducts at particular site in DNA can lead to activation of oncogenes and suppression of anti-oncogenes

17
Q

Describe familial cancer

A

More than one relative with same type of cancer however no specific patten of inheritance - could be genetic and environmental influence

Early ages onset

18
Q

Types of familial cancers

A
  • Some breast cancers
  • Some ovarian cancers
  • Non-FAP colon cancers
19
Q

Describe inherited cancer

A

Cancer occurs when gene mutation passed from parent to child

Early onset

20
Q

Describe sporadic cancer

A

Cancer developed by chance - requires two mutations