Tut 4

Question 1

Pavlov original classical condotion process:

Answer 1

Before: CS =Bell (no reaction) and US = Food (reaction of excitment)
During learning: CS +US -> Reaction of excitment
After: Only CS is needed for reaction of excitment

Question 2

What is US ?

Answer 2

• Cue lead to a respond without training

Question 3

What is UR ?

Answer 3

• Respond to US

Question 4

What is CS ?

Answer 4

• Is a cues without the absence of training ( CS + US ) does not lead to respond

Question 5

What is CR ?

Answer 5

• Respond to CS

Question 6

What is Appetitive conditioning and name some example ?

Answer 6

• Conditioning in which the US is postive
• U want to satisfy a desire
• Ex: Pavlov (food/dog) and Dojman Sex study

Question 7

What is Aversive conditioning and name some example ?

Answer 7

• Conditioning in which the US is negative
• U want to avoid minimise consequences
• Ex: Skinner + eyblink conditioning

Question 8

What are the two Compensatory Response in prediction of us ?

Answer 8

1. Tolerance (decrease in hesrt beat if u expect a shock

2. Homeostasis -> Tendency to reach a state of balance

Question 9

What is Extinction ?

Answer 9

• it is a process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by pairing the same CS with a new US
• Ex: Ice cream and brocoli

Question 10

What are the findings regarding unlearning ?

Answer 10

• Association between CS and US are not lost they are just unexpressed

Question 11

What is the Definition of compound conditioning ?

Answer 11

Presenting of two CS of same strgenth and at the same time to lead to a single US

Question 12

What are the benefits of Compound conditioning ?

Answer 12

• Works more effcient then a single cue

Question 13

When does compund conditioning not work ?

Answer 13

1. One is more salient then the other
2. When one cue was getting there sonner (more attention catchin)
   - Overshadowing effect
3. Or if one of the cues was trained earlier (blocking)

Question 14

What is the Overshadowing effect ?

Answer 14

• When one cue is more attention grabbing then the other then the second cue is useless!

Question 15

What is blocking ?

Answer 15

• Ex: Prior training of one cue blocks laiter training of second cue when laiter paired when reaches 100% so no learning
• cue is only useful when it brings in new prediction values

Question 16

Name the three asumption of the Wagner Model of conditioning and the genral conclusion) :

Answer 16

1. A cue has a weight (associative) -> strength between CS and US
2. In compound cue the weight is shared ( 50% and 50%)
3. Learning respons of an increase in cue weight - > reduction of prediction error
   GC: without prediction error, no learning

Question 17

What is the US modulation theory ?

Answer 17

• depending on the US which is true -> used by rescolar wagner model

Question 18

What is the CS modulation Theory ?

Answer 18

• depending on CS which is trure -> used by MAckintosh theory

Question 19

What are the equation of the wagner model ? Also name the specialties for compounded cue ?

Answer 19

• Prediction error = Actual US - expected US
• IPVL (weight change) = Prediction error x learning rate
• APVL = IPV first run
• Ongoing APV is allways calculated by new IPV + expected us
• The old APVL will be ur expected US for the next trail
• > by compound cues the expeted Value will be calculated by adding both APV together

Question 20

What is the prediction error ?

Answer 20

• determines how much
  learning (change in association) occurs
• how supprised we are
• Actual US minus expected US

Question 21

What is Latent inhibition and what is the connection between LI and Wagner model ?

Answer 21

• Learning is inhibited by prior cue exposure
• Ex: When pre exposed to CS without US then laiter the association between
  CS and US will be less powerful
• Wagner model could not explain the phenomna

Question 22

Name the structure of the Cerebellum:

Answer 22

• > attached to pons and medula
• > draw
• > purkinje cell are located in Folia

Question 23

Explain the CS input pathway:

Answer 23

1. CS Information from brain converge on pontine nuclei
2. CS travel up the mossy fibers to deep nuclei of cerebellum
3. 1 one branch goes to interpositus nucleus
4. 2 one branch goes to cerebellar cortex over Granule cells and via parallel fibers to purkije cells -> DRAW
   - Evrthing is Exitotory

Question 24

Explain the mollecular LvL of how purkinje cell get less actiavte (first step)

Answer 24

1. Glutamate goes into synapse via Ampa and metabotropic receptor
2. Due to that protein from meta is sepperted from meta receptor and activates PKC
3. PKC labels the just activated AMPA recepetor
   - > GOAL: was the labeling !

Question 25

Explain the cellular perspective of how purkinje cell get less actiavte (second step or second activation ):

Answer 25

- US comes from climbing fibers - Asperate rleased from fibers (open calcium channel) - Calcium flows trough calcium channel and interacts with PKC - PKC now internalized labeld AMPA rec (pulls them inside synaptic cleft not useable) - > GOAL Leads to more activation on metabotropic rec

Question 26

What do metabotropic rec lead to regarding purkinje cell ?

Answer 26

- Hyperpolrization

Question 27

What do AMPA rec lead to regarding purkinje cell ?

Answer 27

- Depolarization

Question 28

What is the effect on the purkinje cell and the interpositus after learning ?

Answer 28

- changes in purkinje (decrease inactivity ) cell lead to less inhibition on interpositus ! - which means that muscle can be moved before airpuff

Question 29

What is the correltaion regarding the interpositus and the inferior olive ? (after learning)

Answer 29

- > interpositus does inhibit the inferiro olive -> no exitatory effect from US - > Means that we only need the CS imput light and tone and not anymore the Airpuf !

Question 30

What are some findings regarding drugs and tollerance ?

Answer 30

- Environmental cues play an important role in tolerance - tolerance can be explained by classical conditioning - Environmental cues (CS), craving= compensatory response (CR)

Question 31

How can drug addiction being healed ?

Answer 31

- cue-exposure therapy has to be in different contexts (especially in the original drug context) - multiple times - a bit of drug can be good

Question 32

What is the celluar perspective before learning ! ?

Answer 32

- Purkinje cell allways active -> inhibits interpositus - Interpositus wants to inhibit inferior olive but can not because of PC - infrior olive is basically for the prediction error !

Question 33

What is the Input pathway from the Air puff ?

Answer 33

- Goes from the inferior olive - via climbing fibers either into the interpositus (exitatory) - or in to the purkinje cell

Question 34

Are purkinje cells exitatory or inhibitor ?

Answer 34

- inhibitory

Question 35

WHat was skinner's experiment ?

Answer 35

- In prediction of a tone a shock would occur | - > has to push the button in a certain time to avoid the shock