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Memory > Tut 2 > Flashcards

Tut 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is episodic memory ?

A
  • Memory for a personal specific event in life
  • must have experienced the event personally
  • Spatial and temporal context is remembered
  • refereed to what we remember
  • part of Declarative memory
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2
Q

What is semantic memory ?

A
  • Memory for facts & general knowledge of the world/objects -> memory is shared with many others
  • Not tagged in space and time
  • refereed to what we know
  • Hierarchical model = If more abstract u need more time think and to retrieved
  • part of Declarative memory
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3
Q

What is declarative memory ?

A
  • Part of long term memory
  • Deals with ‘‘what’’ we remember
  • can be verbalised
  • It is an Explicit memory
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4
Q

What is non declarative memory ?

A
  • Part of long term memory
  • Deals with how to do certain thinks
  • not verbalise
  • it is an implicit memory
  • Mostly there for motor skills or classical and operant conditioning
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5
Q

What is explicit memory ?

A
  • person is aware -> bulid memory when he is focusing
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6
Q

What is implicit memory ?

A
  • memory occurs without the learner’s awareness
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7
Q

What are the 4 rules for remembering ?

A
  1. Repetition of verbal/visual information is not enough
  2. Easier to remembered if connected to prior knowledge
  3. Lvl of processing effect-> The more deeper you process new information the more likely u remember them
  4. More cues mean better recall
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8
Q

What is the tip of the tongue effect ?

A
  • information is not permanently lost only temporarily inaccessible
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9
Q

What is the Transfer-appropriate processing effect ?

A
  • retrieval is best when cues available at recall are similar to those available at encoding (first learned)
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10
Q

What are the 3 different types of representing cues ?

A
  • Free recall -> open ended question ( No cues)
  • Cued recall (give clue to correct answer)
  • Recognition (multiple choice)
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11
Q

What is the Desirable difficulties phenomenon ?

A
  • difficult learning conditions (ones that challenge your ability to recall) promote better long-term memory
  • Presented in test
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12
Q

What is passive forgetting ?

A
  • Old memories (especially those that hadn’t been accessed in a while) unaware fade away
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13
Q

What I directed forgetting ?

A
  • information is forgotten by trying to suppress memory
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14
Q

What is so special about interference/overlaping content regarding LTM ?
Also name the two types of interference ?

A

When content overlap it either strength or weaken it

  1. Proactive interference
    - Disruption of new learning by previously stored memory
  2. Retractive interference
    - Disruption of old (previously stored) information by new learning
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15
Q

What is false memory and name the two characteristics ?

A
  • Memory of an event that never actually happened
  • The more detailed a memory is the believable it is
  • Memory decrease over time because we lose synapses
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16
Q

Where is the highest activity in the brain regarding semantic memory ?

A
  • Primarly on cortical areas of medial temporal lobe

- Sensory/cerebral cortex

17
Q

What is the Association cortex ?

A

Associates/link input

- Link word with visual image for example

18
Q

What shows the highest activity regarding episodic / event memory ?

A
  • Hippocampus / Para hippocampal cortex
19
Q

What happens when the Hippocampus is damaged ?

A
  • When damaged still be able to form new semantic memories if MTL is still intact
  • Due to plastcity -> MTL tries to act like hippocampus
20
Q

What is anterograde amnesia ?

A
  • loss of memories that occurred after the injury
21
Q

What is retrograde amnesia ?

A
  • loss of memories for events that occurred before the injury
  • Ribot gradient law: loss is worse for events that occurred shortly before the injury than for events that happened in the distant past
22
Q

What is memory consolidation and name the two consolidation ?

A
  • is a category of processes that stabilize a memory
    1. Systems consolidation
    2. Synaptic consolidation
23
Q

What is Systems consolidation ?

A
  • reorganization process
  • memories from the hippocampal region are moved to the Neo cortex where it can be stored more permently
  • slow dynamic process
24
Q

What is Synaptic consolidation ?

A
  • Fast synaptic processing

- only takes minuets our hours to store memory

25
Q

What is the standard consolidation theory ?

A
  • Hippocampus and Neo cortex are needed for storage and retrieval of the memory
  • > But after the initial training phase (learning and retrieval, Hippocampus serves as a tutor) Neo cortex takes over
  • Synapses on Hip change quickly and on Neo it does not
  • gradient amnesia only the once close to an injury are gone because the older once had a chance to be saved in the Neo cortex
26
Q

What is the multiple trace theory ?

A
  • semantic and episodic memory are separated
  • Memory storage always relies on hippocampus and cortex because hippocampus provides always spatial knowledge
  • Each time a memory is retrieved the memory must be reconsolidate
  • flat retrograde amnesia all memory before the injury are gone
27
Q

What are the 3 differences of the standard consolidation theory and multiple trace theory ?

A
  1. Distinction between semantic and episodic memory -> Trace
    - standard states that there are connected (LOOK at graph)
  2. The flat retrograde amnesia only in trace theory (referred to graph)
    - gradient amnesia in standard because of bad definition of episodic memory
  3. Hippocampus always involved in trace theory and in standard not
28
Q

What is so special about Patient H.M

A
  • > epilepsy
  • > both temopral lobes were taken away
  • > no explixtit momory but implicit memory
  • > prrofen by mirror task
29
Q

What is the Korsakoff Syndrome ?

A
  • person fails to remember thinks from the past
  • lack of vitamin thiamine
  • leads to damage in frontal cortex
  • Deny that anything is wrong
30
Q

What are the findings of the Fruit card experiment ?

A
  • Showed that monkey have an episodic-like memory (not exactly event memory)
31
Q

What is the Deese roediger MCDermott paradigm experiment and what conclusion did it draw regarding false memory ?

A

A list of words is shown which are all correlated to a single word which is not on the list

  • > But we still believe that word is on the list (False memory)
  • > Can be seen if the Parahippocampal area is not active when we name the word which is not on the list but we believe it is !
32
Q

When do we save memory ?

A
  • During sleep

- Because Cortical cooperativity reactivates during sleep

33
Q

What is consolidation period ?

A
  • A period where memory is easy to be affacted bey interference
34
Q

Which memory come first semmantic or episodic memory ?

A
  • First episodic !
35
Q

What is the orgnization effect ?

A
  • Sometimes the correct order supports better memory

- > first picture then reading

Memory (9 decks)

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