Tut 5

Question 1

What does strong emotion lead to ?

Answer 1

1. Faster learning
2. stronger memory retrieval and storing
3. To many emotion lead to interfernce with our memory

Question 2

What is an emotion ?

Answer 2

Three distinct but connected phenomena:

1. Psychology response
2. Overt (offen) behavior
3. Conscious feelings
   - > Lead to response to impactfaul situation

Question 3

What is Psychological response to emotion ?

Answer 3

• Changes in heart rate
• Persperiation (schweiß)
• > Body reactions which are inside

Question 4

What is overt behavior to emotion ?

Answer 4

• facial expression
• vocal tone
• posture (haltung)
• > Outside body reaction

Question 5

What is conscious feelings regarding emotion ?

Answer 5

• subjective experiences of a situation

- Happines or sadness

Question 6

You can have learned emotion and innate emotions ! Name the innate emotions !

Answer 6

• happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise

Question 7

What is the fight or flight response and how does it work ?

Answer 7

• Controlled by Autonomic nervous system -> which sends out adrelanine
• Increase of some body systems and decrease of other (Take some energ from immun system for increase in blod pressure-> better reflex)

Question 8

What is the James / Lange theory of emotion ?

Answer 8

1. Emotional stimulaus
2. Physiological/biological responses (arousal)
3. Then determine or induce emotions
   - > Emptions are based ob body response
   - Ex: put on a happy face and then u feel better
   - Aslo known as somatic theories of emotion

Question 9

What is the Schachter and Singer Two factor emotion theory ? (Modern emotional theory ?

Answer 9

1. First emotion
2. combination of cognitive appraisal (bewertung) and arousal (bodily response) cause emotions (both influence each other)
3. Conscious emotion
   - Also sates that same bodily response can oocur in diff emotions
   - support high bridge study

Question 10

Do non human have emotion ?

Answer 10

• General similiar reaction

- Can not conclude because we can not study ther econsciousness

Question 11

What is learned helplessness ?

Answer 11

• exposure to an not influencial stimuli (response are ineffectful) leads to reducing motivation of avoidance
• also explains depression

Question 12

What is the mood congruency of memory theory and explain it ?

Answer 12

• We retrieve (abrufen) memories that match our current mood
• Because strong mood works just like a mmeory cue
• Story example: Emotional story in middel part leaded to better memory

Question 13

What is a flashbulb memory ?

Answer 13

• A memory formed under conditions of extreme emotions that seems especially vivid and long lasting.
• Very detailed but not perfect

Question 14

Why are flashbulb memory not perfect ?

Answer 14

• memories of particularly important events are continuously pondered (überlegt), rehearsed, and discussed. (which lead us to fill in gaps)
• Based on Trade off system -

Question 15

What did James papez figured out ?

Answer 15

• hippocampus and cingulate cortex thalamus and hypothalamus form a loop and process emotion
• > sensory imput arise to thalamus and the hypothalamus , helps to regulate the body response
• Got rejected because he did not put focus on amygdala -> libic system

Question 16

What is the structure of the amygalda ?

Answer 16

• 2 amygaldas
• exist out of
  1. Lateral nucleus
  2. Central nucleus
  3. Basolateral nucleus

Question 17

What is the function of the Lateral nucleus ?

Answer 17

• Entry point of sensory info for amygdala
• Has a direct pathway over the thalamus (faster, less detailed)
• > React quickly in danger
• Has an indirect pathway over the thalamus and cortex (slower, accurate)
• Evaluates the fear

Question 18

Name an example of the connection of the two pathways in Lateral nucleus !

Answer 18

If u see someone in the dark running towards u , u run! Only laiter on you relaize that the person is a friend

Question 19

What is the function of the central nucleus ?

Answer 19

1. receives inputs from other amygdala nuclei (both)
2. sends them to autonomic nervous system
   - releases stress hormone which can ot directly enter the hippocampus
   - and activates motor areas

Question 20

What is the function of the Basolateral nucleus ?

Answer 20

receives input from both nuclei and sends it to basel ganglia and hippocampus
- also allows amygdala to modulate memory (whend to store and when to retreive)

Question 21

On what does our emotion depend on ?

Answer 21

• biological responses but also on how we interpret the situation
• A bear in the zoo is not dangerous

Question 22

What is the function of the Frontal lobe regarding memory ?

Answer 22

• Frontal cortex modulate the degree of how strong amygdala gets activated in different places (bear in the zoo is not dangerous

Question 23

Name the defintion of a phobia:

Answer 23

Over the top and irrational fear of an object or situation which lead to anxiety or panic attacks
- 2 types of phobias

Question 24

What is a specific phobia ?

Answer 24

• Fears of particular objects or social situations

Question 25

What is Agoraphobia ?

Answer 25

- generalized fear of leaving home or familiar “safe” areas -> because the fear to have a panic attack in public

Question 26

What are the main causes of phobia ?

Answer 26

- They arise through classical conditioning! - caused by strong fear evoking experiences - via -> Social transmission -> seeing or listening to others about there fear

Question 27

How do we treat phobia ?

Answer 27

- Via constant exposure to CS without US happening - Systematic desenziation: using small steps to get there - Or drugs that interfere with epinephrine

Question 28

What is the defintion of Posttraumatic stress disorder ?

Answer 28

- develop after exposure to a horrific event | - Different then phobias is that it can be triggered by more cues

Question 29

What are the Symptons of PTSD

Answer 29

- re/experiecing the event | - Trough nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance of trauma emotional numbing (betäubung)

Question 30

What is the cognitive expectancy theory ?

Answer 30

- different response predict diff outcomes | - Is it worth it to behave like that if we know the outcome

Question 31

How do u meassure damage in the amygdala ?

Answer 31

- If damged u do not have a physiological response during CS and US

Question 32

Name some facts about Virtual reality treatment:

Answer 32

- Alternative to exposure therapy - Flooding : Highest stress stimuli showed first - Graded exposure: least scared one showed first - Benefits less expensive and higer mobility / more ethicl

Question 33

What are the treatments of PTSD

Answer 33

- Extinction therapy: expose patient to cues that trigger anxiety in absence of danger gradual reduction - or pre identify vulnearable PTSD people

Question 34

What are the signs for Vulnerable people regarding PTSD ?

Answer 34

- Genetics - Social enviornment - Hippocampal volume is smaller - Increased activity in amygdala

Question 35

What is the trader of system regarding flashub memory ?

Answer 35

-> strong memory are focused and weaker memories for surroundings are lost

Question 36

How can the Central nucleus reach the hippocmapus ?

Answer 36

- indirectly because of blood brain barrier 1. Stress hormones go from ANS to adrenal gland to brainstem nuclei where epinephrine gets translated into Norepinepherine-> send to Basolateral nucleus to hippocampus

Question 37

What is the amygdala good for ?

Answer 37

- Emotional response

Question 38

What is the hippocamous good for ?

Answer 38

- Contecxtual learning | - > place cells

Question 39

What is important regaring stress hormones and learning ?

Answer 39

- Medium intensity | - Short delay most efficent learning

Question 40

How do we meassure phobia ?

Answer 40

- Phobia is present when there is an hyperactivity in amygdala or cortex