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Memory > Tut 7 > Flashcards

Tut 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the defintion of a skill ?

A

Ability which can improve over time

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2
Q

What is the defintion of a perceptual motor skill ?

A

Learned movement patterns guided by sensory inputs.

- Physical / u can see them

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3
Q

What is the defintion of a cognitive skill ?

A
  • A skill that requires problem solving or the use of strategies.
  • not really physical !
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4
Q

What is the different between skill memories or event/fact memory ?

A
  1. Skill:
    - Can not allways be verbalized
    - needs several repetiotions
    - implicit or nondeclaritive (gained without awarness)
  2. Event : visa versa
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5
Q

What is closed skill ?

A
  • A skill which has some predefined movements that idealy never vary
  • Same enviormental factor
  • Piano
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6
Q

What is open skill ?

A
  • A skill which can deal with changes in the enviornment /varying movement but
  • > football not allways the same
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7
Q

Which skill (cognitive or perceptual motor) is learned first ?

A
  • Perceptual-motor skills provide foundation for learning cognitive skills
  • but both are needed to improve
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8
Q

What the effect of knowledge of results regarding thorndike ?

A
  • Feedback about performance of a skill is critical to the effectiveness of practice.
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9
Q

What is the function of repetition regarding the devlopment of a skill ?

A
  • repetition is key but it does not gurantee improvement

- Power of law practice ( first u learn fast and after a while just repetition alone will not bring u any further

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10
Q

What kind of feedback will maximize ur development ?

A
  • infrequent feedback
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11
Q

What is massed practice ?

A

A lot of practice in a short time of one skill

- > good for short term performance

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12
Q

What is spaced practice ?

A

Practice of a skill that is spread out over several sessions
-> better long term perormance

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13
Q

What is constant practice ?

A
  • repeated practicing the same skill under same conditions
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14
Q

Whta is variable practice ?

A

Practice involving the performance of skills in a wide variety of contexts

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15
Q

What is the definition of a talent person ?

A

A person’s which has an genetic advantage to perform a skill better than most.

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16
Q

What is the pursuit task and what were it findings ?

A
  • individuals to keep the end of a pointed stick above a fixed point on a rotating disk
  • identical twins showed same progress and fraternal became dissimilar
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17
Q

Why does practice in skill by indentical twin leads to more sychrony

A
  • more practice means more expression of genes

- > identical twins share the same genes

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18
Q

Why do people with amnesia still improve in skills ?

A
  • because skill learning is seperated from event memory

- it is an implicit memory/learning which u can not report on (not aware)

19
Q

What does the fitts three stage model explain ?

A
  • devlopment of a skill via
    1. cognitive stage
    2. Associative stage
    3. Autonomous stage
20
Q

What is the cognitive stage?

A
  • First stage
  • Encode the skill based on observation / instrunction and error
  • Based on rules
  • needs much effort and fast learning occurs
21
Q

What is the Associative stage ?

A
  • Second stage
  • learners begin using stereotyped actions
  • less rules
  • slow learning /less active then first stage
22
Q

What is the autonomous stage ?

A
  • third stage
  • skill is autnomous
  • not possible to verbalize ur skill in specific
  • be able to do multiple thinks tat the same time
23
Q

What is transfer specificity ?

A

Skills can be transfered to other skills/sitautions

24
Q

What is the identical elements theory ?

A

skill is more liky to be transfered if number of elements in the new situation are identical to those in the situation in which the skills were encoded

25
Q

What is the ‘‘learning set formation’’ ?

A

-> the ability to learn new tasks fast based on experiences with similar tasks-> due to generalization

26
Q

How do we lose skill memory?

A
  • if we do not use it
  • > identical to the learning curve
  • due to injury
  • interference effect
27
Q

What is the interference effect?

A
  • new memories interfere with the recollection of old memories
  • Finger tapping task
28
Q

Which major regions are neccesary for skill learning ?

A
  • Basel ganglia
  • cortex
  • cerebellum
29
Q

What is the function of the basel ganglia regarding skill learning ?

A
  • linking sensory events (cues) to responses
30
Q

What is the input and output pathway of the basel ganglia ?

A
  • input: Cortical neurons (cortex)-> dorsal striatum -> which tells the ganglia what is happening in the world
  • output: Thalamus or brainstem -> preparing/maintaing movement
31
Q

What happens when basel ganglia is damaged ? Which tests supported the findings?

A
  • Can not learn under changing conditions (enviormental cues)
  • morris water maze: obvious location of a save zone gets put into a tank full of water -> save zone gets switched
32
Q

What is the T shaped maze task and what were there findings regarding neuronal activity ?

A
  • Based on a tone rat must decide which trail it goes
  • learning: Neuorn fire at
    1. the beginning
    2. when instrunctional sound sounds
    3. on truning point
    4. Food Retrieval
  • Not leanring: Only on turning point
33
Q

What is the final findings regarding the basel ganglia and the t- task ?

A
  • activity in the beginning and end states that basel ganglia devlops a motor plan trough put learning
34
Q

What is happening to the cortex through out learning ? + major function

A
  • increase of grey matter

- critical for controlling complex actions

35
Q

What is musician dystonia ?

A

to much expansion in brain areas lead to problems

- loss of motor control

36
Q

What are two steps of the learning curve?

A
  1. fast learning
    - processes which follow a selcted plan
  2. Slow learning
    - : long-term structural/biological changes of basic motor control in the cortex
37
Q

What is the key role of the cerebellum ?

A
  • predict important events
  • is good for precise timing / aiming / tracking
  • allows to copy motor skill via observation
38
Q

How does huntigton syndrom work ?

A
  • neuron damaged in basel ganglia / cortex
  • body parts shaking
  • can learn cognitive or perceptual skill but realy slow
  • increase in dopamine
  • ONLY TASK WHICH WORKED WAS TOWER OF HANOI
39
Q

How does parkinson diesease work ?

A
  • neurons are damged at the basel ganglia
  • can learn cognitive or perceptual skill but realy slow
  • to little dopamine-> less movement
  • > Can do mirror reading
40
Q

Summarize ‘‘The visual skill task ‘’ ?

A
  • u learn each visual field sepertaly -> because no transfering !
  • SOA shorter each trial
  • 15 days to fully learn
  • V1 sensitive to where things are
41
Q

Describe the graph of visual task ?

A
  • Each trail is fast learning
  • The total amout is slow learning
  • Between each trial is latent consolidation
  • Laiter transfered in another graph were vertical means fast learning
  • horizontal -> asymptotic face
42
Q

What is the fast learning process ?

A
  • very quick improvement after

the first number of trials

43
Q

What is the slow leanring process ?

A
  • After the 8 hours of training
  • LTP can occur
  • more dendritic connections

Memory (9 decks)

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