Tut 7

Question 1

What is the defintion of a skill ?

Answer 1

Ability which can improve over time

Question 2

What is the defintion of a perceptual motor skill ?

Answer 2

Learned movement patterns guided by sensory inputs.

- Physical / u can see them

Question 3

What is the defintion of a cognitive skill ?

Answer 3

• A skill that requires problem solving or the use of strategies.
• not really physical !

Question 4

What is the different between skill memories or event/fact memory ?

Answer 4

1. Skill:
   - Can not allways be verbalized
   - needs several repetiotions
   - implicit or nondeclaritive (gained without awarness)
2. Event : visa versa

Question 5

What is closed skill ?

Answer 5

• A skill which has some predefined movements that idealy never vary
• Same enviormental factor
• Piano

Question 6

What is open skill ?

Answer 6

• A skill which can deal with changes in the enviornment /varying movement but
• > football not allways the same

Question 7

Which skill (cognitive or perceptual motor) is learned first ?

Answer 7

• Perceptual-motor skills provide foundation for learning cognitive skills
• but both are needed to improve

Question 8

What the effect of knowledge of results regarding thorndike ?

Answer 8

• Feedback about performance of a skill is critical to the effectiveness of practice.

Question 9

What is the function of repetition regarding the devlopment of a skill ?

Answer 9

• repetition is key but it does not gurantee improvement

- Power of law practice ( first u learn fast and after a while just repetition alone will not bring u any further

Question 10

What kind of feedback will maximize ur development ?

Answer 10

• infrequent feedback

Question 11

What is massed practice ?

Answer 11

A lot of practice in a short time of one skill

- > good for short term performance

Question 12

What is spaced practice ?

Answer 12

Practice of a skill that is spread out over several sessions
-> better long term perormance

Question 13

What is constant practice ?

Answer 13

• repeated practicing the same skill under same conditions

Question 14

Whta is variable practice ?

Answer 14

Practice involving the performance of skills in a wide variety of contexts

Question 15

What is the definition of a talent person ?

Answer 15

A person’s which has an genetic advantage to perform a skill better than most.

Question 16

What is the pursuit task and what were it findings ?

Answer 16

• individuals to keep the end of a pointed stick above a fixed point on a rotating disk
• identical twins showed same progress and fraternal became dissimilar

Question 17

Why does practice in skill by indentical twin leads to more sychrony

Answer 17

• more practice means more expression of genes

- > identical twins share the same genes

Question 18

Why do people with amnesia still improve in skills ?

Answer 18

• because skill learning is seperated from event memory

- it is an implicit memory/learning which u can not report on (not aware)

Question 19

What does the fitts three stage model explain ?

Answer 19

• devlopment of a skill via
  1. cognitive stage
  2. Associative stage
  3. Autonomous stage

Question 20

What is the cognitive stage?

Answer 20

• First stage
• Encode the skill based on observation / instrunction and error
• Based on rules
• needs much effort and fast learning occurs

Question 21

What is the Associative stage ?

Answer 21

• Second stage
• learners begin using stereotyped actions
• less rules
• slow learning /less active then first stage

Question 22

What is the autonomous stage ?

Answer 22

• third stage
• skill is autnomous
• not possible to verbalize ur skill in specific
• be able to do multiple thinks tat the same time

Question 23

What is transfer specificity ?

Answer 23

Skills can be transfered to other skills/sitautions

Question 24

What is the identical elements theory ?

Answer 24

skill is more liky to be transfered if number of elements in the new situation are identical to those in the situation in which the skills were encoded

Question 25

What is the ''learning set formation'' ?

Answer 25

-> the ability to learn new tasks fast based on experiences with similar tasks-> due to generalization

Question 26

How do we lose skill memory?

Answer 26

- if we do not use it - > identical to the learning curve - due to injury - interference effect

Question 27

What is the interference effect?

Answer 27

- new memories interfere with the recollection of old memories - Finger tapping task

Question 28

Which major regions are neccesary for skill learning ?

Answer 28

- Basel ganglia - cortex - cerebellum

Question 29

What is the function of the basel ganglia regarding skill learning ?

Answer 29

- linking sensory events (cues) to responses

Question 30

What is the input and output pathway of the basel ganglia ?

Answer 30

- input: Cortical neurons (cortex)-> dorsal striatum -> which tells the ganglia what is happening in the world - output: Thalamus or brainstem -> preparing/maintaing movement

Question 31

What happens when basel ganglia is damaged ? Which tests supported the findings?

Answer 31

- Can not learn under changing conditions (enviormental cues) - morris water maze: obvious location of a save zone gets put into a tank full of water -> save zone gets switched

Question 32

What is the T shaped maze task and what were there findings regarding neuronal activity ?

Answer 32

- Based on a tone rat must decide which trail it goes - learning: Neuorn fire at 1. the beginning 2. when instrunctional sound sounds 3. on truning point 4. Food Retrieval - Not leanring: Only on turning point

Question 33

What is the final findings regarding the basel ganglia and the t- task ?

Answer 33

- activity in the beginning and end states that basel ganglia devlops a motor plan trough put learning

Question 34

What is happening to the cortex through out learning ? + major function

Answer 34

- increase of grey matter | - critical for controlling complex actions

Question 35

What is musician dystonia ?

Answer 35

to much expansion in brain areas lead to problems | - loss of motor control

Question 36

What are two steps of the learning curve?

Answer 36

1. fast learning - processes which follow a selcted plan 2. Slow learning - : long-term structural/biological changes of basic motor control in the cortex

Question 37

What is the key role of the cerebellum ?

Answer 37

- predict important events - is good for precise timing / aiming / tracking - allows to copy motor skill via observation

Question 38

How does huntigton syndrom work ?

Answer 38

- neuron damaged in basel ganglia / cortex - body parts shaking - can learn cognitive or perceptual skill but realy slow - increase in dopamine - ONLY TASK WHICH WORKED WAS TOWER OF HANOI

Question 39

How does parkinson diesease work ?

Answer 39

- neurons are damged at the basel ganglia - can learn cognitive or perceptual skill but realy slow - to little dopamine-> less movement - > Can do mirror reading

Question 40

Summarize ''The visual skill task '' ?

Answer 40

- u learn each visual field sepertaly -> because no transfering ! - SOA shorter each trial - 15 days to fully learn - V1 sensitive to where things are

Question 41

Describe the graph of visual task ?

Answer 41

- Each trail is fast learning - The total amout is slow learning - Between each trial is latent consolidation - Laiter transfered in another graph were vertical means fast learning - horizontal -> asymptotic face

Question 42

What is the fast learning process ?

Answer 42

- very quick improvement after | the first number of trials

Question 43

What is the slow leanring process ?

Answer 43

- After the 8 hours of training - LTP can occur - more dendritic connections