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Perception > Tut 4 Completly done !!! > Flashcards

Tut 4 Completly done !!! Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 steps of the Central visual pathway:

A
  1. The image in the retina is reversed from right to left compared to the visual field
  2. At the optic chiasm
    - axons from the temporal (Outer eyeball) halfes of the retina continue in the optic trac on the same side
    - axons from the nasal (inner nose) halves cross the optic trac on the opposite side
  3. Most axon in the optic tract end in the lateral geniculate nucleus and a few in the superior colliculus (contolling eye movement)
  4. Trough out the optic radiations axons carry information between lateral geniculate and striate cortex
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2
Q

Name everything regarding the lateral geniculate Nucleus:

A
  • We have 2 LGN one on each hemisphere
  • ipsilateral eye receives imput from 2,3,5
  • contralateral eye receives imput from 1,4,6
  • LGN is located in the thalamus ( 6 layer structure )
  • receives input and output of ganglion cells
  • Layer 1-2 from magnocelluar
  • Layer 3-6 from parvocellular ganglion cell
  • koniocellular cells/layer Divide the LGN
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3
Q

What is the function of magnocellular cells?

A
  • mostly input from M ganglion cell
  • Respond to larger fast moving object
  • But at the end they receive from both cell
  • input from peripheral area
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4
Q

What is the function of parvocellular cells?

A
  • mostly imput from P ganglion cell
  • Responsible for processing details of not moving ojects
  • But at the end they receive from both cells
  • input from fovea
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5
Q

Name the properties of the receptive field:

A
  • Selective responsiveness

- Orientation Tuning

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6
Q

What is selective responsiveness ?

A
  • individual neuron respond more intensively to specific stimuli then others its receptive field
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7
Q

What is orientation Tuning ?

A
  • tendency to respond optimally to certain orientations (horizontal/vertical) and less to others (schräg) oblique stimulis
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8
Q

What is the function of a simple cortical cells ?

A
  • Have side by side receptive fields
  • response depends on orientation tuning curve
  • On /off center cell but presented as bars = elongated
  • edge detectors Highly
    have specific region for fireing (fields)
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9
Q

What is the function of a complex cell ?

A
  • not clearly defined excitatory and inhibitory region (respond best to moving objects)
  • move detectors
    (light field just has to be moved and not hit a particular sport)
  • responds regardless of specific location of the stripe as long as it is in the receptive field
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10
Q

Define endstoped/hypercomplex cells:

A

Addition to complex cells or single complex cortical cells

  • which add specification of length of a stimuli
  • so the neruon fires best at a certain length of stimui if to long then activation stops.
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11
Q

Describe the visual ventral pathway:

A
  • The ‘‘What’’ pathway
  • responsible for determining object’s identity
  • Goes from the p ganglion cells of the retina towards the LGN into the V1 (fourth layer) and then to the inferior temporal cortex.
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12
Q

Describe the visual dorsal pathway:

A
  • where pathway
  • responsible for determining object’s location
  • Goes from M ganglion cells of the retina towards the LGN into the V1 (fourth layer) and then to the posterior parietal cortex.
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13
Q

Describe the correlation between both pathways:

A
  • Humans need both to identify and locate objects
  • They are conacted but work independently
  • Bipolar exchange does not only go up but also down
  • Dorsal and ventral streams each receive inputs from both magno and parvo pathways
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14
Q

What is the method called to identfy if to functions operate together:

A

Double dissociations

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15
Q

Explain double dissociations:

A

Definition: it helps to determine whether two functions operate independently from one another.
- First person damage in area A and area B is fine and second person virsa versa then compare them to see what is the difference in each.

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16
Q

Explain single dissociations:

A

is when a manipulation leaves one cognitive function (say, A) intact whils severing another (say, B). This indicates the functions A and B are at least partially independent.

17
Q

What is visual agnosia ?

A
  • Unable to recognize or describe common objects, faces, pictures
  • Damage in occipital/temporal lobe
18
Q

What is optic ataxia ?

A
  • Damage to parietal lobe

- Unable to locate or grab objects

19
Q

Name the two different collumns and define them:

A

cortex is organized in
1. Location columns: are vertical to the surface of the cortex
- All neuron inside the location column have their receptive field identical structured compared to the retina
where something is located
2. Orienation columns:
- Neighbouring columns have cells with slightly different preferred orientations

20
Q

What is a Hypercolumn ?

A
  • Structure of the cortex
    A column that includes one set of all possible orientations columns (so 0-180 degree
  • And it contains ocular columns which means that a hypercolumn is divided in two half where on region gets input of one eye and the other from the other eye.
21
Q

What is Retinotopy in the LGN ? (in general called Topographical mapping)

A
  • Neighbouring locations in the visual field correspond to neighbouring cells in the retina, LGN and V1
  • Nearby points on the cortex receive signals from nearby locations in the retina
22
Q

What is the ice cube model regarding hypercollumn:

A
  • Each hypercolumn:
    1. Contains a single location column
    2. Contains left and right ocular dominance columns
    3. Contains a complete set of orientation columns that cover orientations from 0 to 180 degrees
  • They also contain
    1. Blobs :Groups of neurons that are sensitive to colour (layer 2 and 3)
    2. Interblobs: The area between blobs, sensitive to edge
23
Q

What is cortical Magnification regarding the cortex:

A

In the cortex the area representing cones activity is much larger because it is way more accurate then rods.

24
Q

What is selective rearing:

A
  • Use it or lose it
  • Neuorn which are more often used function better
  • neuron which are less used get lost do to purning
25
Q

What does selective adaption mean ?

A
  • If neurons fire to long they eventualy become fatigued

- which means they fire less to same stimuli over time u get used to it

26
Q

Name the function of the Fusiform face area:

A
  • FFA
  • specialized to respond to faces
  • located below the inferior temporal cortex
  • damage to prosopognosia
27
Q

Name the function of extrastriate body area

A
  • EBA
  • activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies
  • inferior temporal cortex
28
Q

Name the function of Visual word form area :

A
  • VWFA

- Activated when we read

Perception (9 decks)

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