What is structualism ?
- Number of sensations build up to create our perception.
- Is influenced by past experience
- Gestalt psychologist were against the idea
Name the Gestalt organisation principles :
- Principle of good continuation
- The principle of Pragnanz/good figure
- The principle of similarity
- Principle of common fate
- Common Region
- Principle of uniform connectedness
- Principle of synchrony
- Principle of familarity
- Principle of proximity
What is the Principle of good continuation ?
- Points that are partially covered by other objects are seen as continuing behind covering objects
- Points that are see seen in a smooth curving line are seen to be connected
What is the principle of Pragnanz/good figure ?
We prefer things that are simple, clear and ordered.
- that is why we perceive structure as simple as possible
What is the principle of similarity ?
- Similar things appear to be grouped together
- Grouping can also occur because of similarity of shape, size, or orientation
What is the principle of proximity ?
- Thing that are near to each other appear to be grouped together
What is the principle of common region ?
- Elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together
What is the principle of uniform connectedness.
- A connection region between objects make them to be seen as grouped
What is the principle of common fate?
- Things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together
What is the principle of familiarity ?
- Things that form patterns that are familiar or meaningful are likely to become grouped together
What is perceptual segregation ?
- A separate object -> usually seen as a figure that stands out from its background (also called ground)
What is the function of middle vision ?
Goal: To Organize elements of visual scene into groups that we can recognize as objects.
What are the properties of figure regarding perceptual segregation ?
- More ‘thing-like’ and memorable than ground
- Seen as being in front of ground
- Border ownership: Even if figure and ground share contour, border is associated with figure
- Objects in the lower part of an image are more likely perceived as figure
- Figure are more likly to percieved on the convex side of the boarder (rundungen)
What does apparent movment/Illusory controus tell us?
sun experiment
- perception is not only based on sensation (physical)
- but on knowledge sens making
Name and define global image features:
In general, they are used to determine where u at:
- Degree of naturalness
man-made scenes are dominated by straight lines and nature have more up and downs and peaks
- Degree of openness (how open u can see )
- Degree of roughness
( rough scenes contain many small elements and are more complex)
- Degree of expansion
(convergence of parallel lines)
- Clours are also characteristic of scence
- All of them are rapidly gained
Name the two regularities of perception and explain them:
- Physicall regularites
Light-from-above assumption – we assume that light comes from above because in our environment it’s mostly the case - Semantic regularities
- Characteristics associated with activities (baiscally we predict behavior because based on a scene there is not much else he could do (example standing in front of a ticket machine )
Name the assumptions of Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious Inference:
Stimulies can have the same particular pattern on the retina (coded the same) = retinal ambliguity
- But based on a likelhood priniciples we only perceive the object which most likly (If one square is covered by the other we still know it is continious)
- The likelihood principle is based on enviormental inferences we continously gain unconsciously
What is the bayesian inference ?
Estimate of probability of an outcome determined by 2 factors
1. Prior probability – initial estimate of the probability of an outcome
2. Likelihood of the outcome –the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome
Based on the we gain a conclusion!
- modern version of Helmolzh
What is the naive template theory?
Also name problems:
- Matching every pixel or even matching every low lvl feature of the input to a representation in memory
- that is how the visaul system recognises objects
- problem: It would need to many templates(vorlagen) for every object in the world (not enough storage in the brain)
Define the recognition of components tehory:
Biedermann
Combining geons can create a wide variety of object representations
- Geons are basic units of objects (such as ‘’ griff am koffer’’ correlates to ‘‘griff’’ on the cup)
- Part of the theory is viepoint invariance which means that we perceive geons as the same geons even if it is hold at different angels
How are we able to read with vieponit variance ?
Viewpoint varaince is turned of in VWFA
- So a ‘‘d’’ can be identfied as ‘‘d’’ and not as a ‘‘b’’
Where is the visual word from area located ?
- left hemisphere - close to temporal visual cortex
Pac man experimen expalain:
kids were habbituated to illusion of pic man
- Afterwards they show diffrent oreintation of picmant picture
- If they looked more to the new exposed stimuli they could conclude that kids saw the illusion because they look more at the second stimuli which means it is refered to a new picture even though it is the same picture just with different angels
What is viewpoint variance?
can identify an object even if the angle/viewpoint is different!
