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Perception > Tut 7 Completly done > Flashcards

Tut 7 Completly done Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of sound (physical and perceptual )

A

Physical: Sound is pressure changes in the air do to vibrations
Perceptual: Sound is our experience when we hear.

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2
Q

How do we change pressure ?

A

Due to consideration and rarefaction.

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3
Q

What is consideration ?

A

Vibrations which pushes air molecules together which leads to an increase in air pressure.

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4
Q

What is rarefaction ?

A

Air molecules move back out (seperate again)

- Decrease in air pressure

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5
Q

How does sound energy travel ?

A

Trough out waves

  • Transverse (up and down) and
  • longitudinal(back and forth) waves
  • > Not really common
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6
Q

What is a sine wave ?

A

A pure tone (one wave)

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7
Q

Tell the structure of a complex tone:

A
  • A complex tone is divided in a one fundamental frequency (lowest tone or base)
  • Partial top layers
  • Mostly they are harmonics of the fundamental frequencys (muliplies of FF)
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8
Q

A sound wave is made up off 2 parts:

A
  • Amplitude

- Frequency

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9
Q

What is amplitude ?

A

Size of pressure changes (How far waves goes up and down)

  • Also called intesity so how loud
  • Meassured in DB (logorith function not proportional)
  • 6 DB seem to be doubling the amount of loudness
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10
Q

What is frequency ?

A

Number of times per second in which the sound waves repeats

  • Meassured in Hz
  • 1Hz = 1 cycle per second
  • The higher the pitch the higher the frequency
  • we can perceive frequency till 20000 Hz
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11
Q

Define Fourier analysis

A 
its a sinus function which divides a complex tone into many simple sin waves 
(frequencys)
- which is needed for simplification 
- shown as a single line in a Diagramm 
- that is what the cochlear does for us.
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12
Q

structure of the outer ear ?

A
  1. sound waves pass trough the pinna
  2. then it passes trough the auditory canal
  3. which then reaches the tympanic membrane which starts to vibrate
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13
Q

What is the pinna ?

A

Outer structure of the ear which is good for object location

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14
Q

What is the auditory canal good for?

A

-For protection of the middle ear

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15
Q

What is the function of the tympanic membrane ?

A

Receives sound and transmit it.

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16
Q

Structure of the middle ear ?

A

formed by 3 ossicles

  • Maleus (gets set into vibration)
  • Incus (transmits vibration
  • Stapes (pushing the oval window to transmit the signal)
  • All of them increase the sound pressure
17
Q

Structure of the inner ear ?

A
  • Cochlea snai like structure
  • only part with liquid
  • when stapes moves against the oval window liquid is set into vibration
  • has an tonotopic organization high frequencies at the beginning
18
Q

What is an tonotopic organization ?

A
  • goes from high to low Hz

- so as farther the liquid goes the lower the Hz

19
Q

What is the actual sound procedure ?

A
  • Stapes creates movement of liquid
  • Cochlear partition moves which sets structure such as basilar membrane in movement
  • movement against tectorial membrane leads to bending of hair cells
  • movement of hair cells in one dircetion leads to the opening channel
  • Ions can flow into the hair cells (afferent and effernt) and transmitter are released.
20
Q

Define what phase locking is:

A

Neurons fire in synchrony with the auditory stimuli

- Till 1000 Hz

21
Q

Define what volley locking is:

A

If neurons can not keep up with the frequency:

  • Group of neurons are combined to still work in synchrony with the auditory stimuli (4000Hz)
  • Its due to relaxation time of neurons
22
Q

Name the sonicmg pathway:

A
  • it is the pathway from cochlea to cortex
  • goes from:
    1. cochlear nucleus
    2. Superior olivary nuclei
    3. inferior colliculus
    4. Medial Geniculate nucleus
    5. Primary auditory cortex
  • vision has less stages only optic nerve
23
Q

Name the parts of the auditory cortex:

A
  • it lays under the temporal lobe
  • it is hierarchical organized
  • Corea area
    (simple tones)
  • belt area (complex sound)
    -parabelt area (most complex sound and combines information with other senses
24
Q

Define the where (dorsal) pathways:

- After sonicmg

A

Good for locating sound

- Start behind parts of the core and belt area and goes to prefrontal cortex

25
Q

Define the what (ventral) pathway

- after sonicmg

A

Identifying sound in general

- Starts infront of the core and belt area and goes to the prefrontal cortex

26
Q

What is conductive hearing loss ?

A
  • Damage on the outer middle ear but cochlea is still intact
  • Basicaly sound does not reach the receptors (hair cells) no action potential
  • everything is quite
  • solution hearing aid
27
Q

What is Sensorineural hearing loss ?

A

Inner ear problems

  • Destruction of hair cells due to loud noise
  • Treat is cochlear implant which translates sound energy into nerve impulses
28
Q

What types of hearing loses do we have ?

A
  1. Conductive hearing loss
  2. Sensorineural hearing loss
  3. Hidden hearing loss:
29
Q

What is hidden hearing loss ?

A

Loud noise leads to damage on the ear nerve cells

  • Which are the connection between cochlea and brain
  • its often under diagnosed because they can hear quite and loud frequencys but not with background noises
30
Q

How is a cochlear implant structured ?

A
  • microphone on the extrernal ear
  • speech processor converts the sounds into digital signals and sends it to the internal implant
  • internal implant converts signals into electrical energy
  • electrical energy go to the injected electrodes in the cochlea
  • the electrodes bypass the damaged hair cells and stimulate the auditory nerve fibers
31
Q

What if a cochlear implant does not work ?

A
  • Auditory nerves are destroyed
  • We need: Auditory brainstem implants (ABIs) that bypass nerve fibers
  • They directly stimulate the ventral cochlear nucleus
32
Q

What does the audibility curve do ?

A
  • Plots the relationship between intensity and frequency
  • Also identifies tresholds of hearing (Low dB and high frequencies)
  • Shows the perfect sound to be perceived regarding aplitude lvk and frequencys.
33
Q

What is frequency coding? (How to endcode fequencies)

A

Place coding:
- higher frequency = more vibration on the base of basilar membrane
- less frequency more vibration on the apex Tonotopy
- We have to mirror tonotopy structure
And also time coding/temporal coding:

34
Q

What are harmonics:

A

Multiple Hz of fundamnetal frequency.

35
Q

How is doubling the sound pressure perceived:

A
  • 6 db for physical

- 10 db for perceived loudness

36
Q

What does the inner hair cells do:

A

They have a long and a short hair (called cilia) on hair cells, which are connected via a (rope) when long hair cell bends then the connection point on the short hair where rope is connected open the channels.

37
Q

What does the outer hair cells do:

A
  • monulate action potentail

- sharpen the procces

38
Q

What is auditory maksing (pure tone):

A
  • Overlaping tone of sound
  • The mask of a tone strongest from low to high.
  • relationship between mask and tone
39
Q

What does turnning curve show:

A
  • Neurons have specialized preferrention.

Perception (9 decks)

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