U1C1/C2: Waypoint Flashcards
(19 cards)
When was the initial codification by the four Geneva Conventions
1958
What does UNCLOS stand for?
the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
When was UNCLOS adopted, where, when did it come into force?
adopted in 1982 in Montego Bay, came into force in 1994
What are the limits of territorial waters?
12 nautical miles (22 km) from the coastline
What can a coastal States do within its territorial waters?
coastal States have exclusive rights to exploit their mineral, energy and biological resources
What are the limits of the contiguous zone?
24 nautical miles from the coastline
What can a state do within its contiguous zone?
the coastal State has the right to prevent and repress violations of its customs, tax, health or immigration laws and regulations.
What are the limits of an EEZ?
the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extends up to 200 nautical miles from the coastline (370 km)
What can a state do whithin its own EEZ?
Freedom of navigation and overflight is guaranteed, but coastal states have “sovereign rights” for the exploitation of resources and “jurisdiction”, mainly for the protection of the environment
Extension of rights over the seabed:
UNCLOS provides for a possible extension of rights over the seabed in the event of recognition of the extension of the continental shelf of the coastal state, up to a maximum of 350 nautical miles (480 km) from the coastline
Since where does the high sea extends what rights does it gives?
Beyond 200 miles from the coastline, the high seas extend; freedom of the seas reigns there, and the applicable law is that of the national flag of the ships crossing there. The seabed is part of the common heritage of humanity.
What were the consequences of UNCLOS for the globalization?
It accelerated the division and territorialization of maritime areas, according to a simple principle: the closer one is to the coast of a State, the greater the sovereign rights
The phenomenon of globalization has therefore reinforced the process of appropriation of maritime spaces: –% of the world’s maritime domain has been appropriated by States, some of which own immense maritime spaces
35%
Which straits are considered as international? What right does this guarantee?
Bosphorus, Malacca, Bab-el-Mandeb, Hormuz
guarantees on these arms of the sea the free transit of international navigation, which cannot under any circumstances be suspended by their coastal States.
They are the subject of growing awareness of the need to protect them from the pollution they receive (–% of ocean pollution is of land origin).
80%
Overfishing
Faced with the depletion of “wild” resources, there is increasing recourse to aquaculture, which is supposed to resolve stock management issues (renewal of the resource),
but in reality, fish farming requires a food supply mainly provided by fishmeal from fish that are themselves caught, which only raises the issue of overfishing differently.
rational use established by the UN since the —- Ocean Conference
2017
which is at the origin of the marine protected areas that cover less than -% of the surface of the seas and oceans.
5%
What were the mesures taken to have a rational use of oceans?
The European Union has set up a system of fishing quotas and is fighting against IUU fishing.
The International Maritime Organization is establishing increasingly strict rules on sulfur oxide emissions to change the fuels used by ships…
